19) The category of aspect of the verb.

The aspective meaning of the verb reflects the realization of the process irrespective

of it’s timing 2 systems of verbal forms should be evaluated the Continuous & Perfect

forms. Blokh distinguished 2 oppositions: constitued by the continuos forms of the verb

& non-continuous or indefinite form of the verb. It’s the aspective category of

development. The strong member is the continuous –build up by the discontinuous

morpheme be+ing. Continuous form denotes an action proceeding continuously at a

definite period of time, within certain time limits. Non-continuous form denotes an

action not limited but either occurring repeatedly or everlasting ,without any notion

of lasting duration at a given moment. H.Sweet,O.Jespersen put them among the tense

forms of the verb. Actually the continuous usually goes with a verb which express a

simultaneous action. But the timing of the action is not expressed by the continuous.

One more fact about the non-temperal meaning of the continuous it’s use in the verb

form perfect continuous. It can only be understood as expressing aspectuality. The

opposition of the category of development undergoes different reductions ex:The man

stood (introductory word-neutralization”+”) smoking (participial construction “–“) a

pipe. The 2 category of retrospect. It constitued by the opposition of the perfect form of

the verb to the non-perfect. The strong member is perfect, which is built up by the

discontinuous morpheme have-en. The categorial individuality of the perfect was shown

by Smirnitsky (This category is different from both tense and aspect) The content of the

category-priority expressed by the perfect form against the non-expression of priority

by the non-perfect forms.

20) The composite sentence. Compound sentence.

C.S. is built by two or more predicative lines. Being a polypredicative construction, it

expresses a complicated act of thought, i.e. an act of mental activity which falls into

two or more intellectual efforts closely combined with one another. It reflects two or

more elementary situational events making up a unity.The constitutive connectors of

the events are expressed by the constitutive connectors of the predicative lines of the

sentence, i.e. by the sentential polypredication. The 2 main types of connection of

clauses in a composite sentence are subordination and coordination. By coordination

clauses are arranged as units of syntactically equal rank, i.e. equipotently. The leading

clause and a sequential clause (He came and we had coffee. We had coffee and he came).

By subordination they are arranged as units of unequal rank, one being categorically

dominated by the other. Besides the classical types of coordination and subordination

of clauses, we find another case of construction of a composite sentence. When the

connection between the clauses combined in a polypredicative unit is extremely loose,

placing the sequential clause in a syntactically detached position. In this loosely

connected composite sentence the information expressed by the sequential clause is

presented as an afterthought, an idea that comes to the speaker’s mind after the

completion of the foregoing utterance. This kind of connection is called cumulation.

Its formal sign is the tone of completion. In writing it is a semifinal mark, such as a

semicolon, a dash, sometimes a series of periods. Continuative cumulation: He did his

job in the office without any fuss; he answered questions in the House: he made a couple

of speeches. Parenthetical cumulation: Your story, you know, showed such breadth

and depth of thought.

Compound sentence:

Form the semantico-syntactic point of view there are 2 basic types of connection:

1.Marked coordinative connection – copulative, causal, resultative, adversative,

disjunctive, e.g. We cannot go upstairs for we are too tired.

2.Unmarked coordinative connection - is realized by the coordinative connector

“and” and also asyndetically (copulative, enumerative, causal, resultative relations),

e.g. Time passed, and she came to no conclusions. We cannot go upstairs, we are too

tired. Opened constructions are copulative and enumerative. They are used in narrations

in literary texts as a descriptive means. Closed type of compound sentences presupposes

some kind of finalization. Conjunctions AND and BUT. The problem of communication

types: There are compound sentences consisting of clauses belonging to different

communication types. In this case it is impossible to state to what type the compound

sentence as a whole belongs. Compound sentences consist of clauses joined together by

coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, for, yet. Grammatical structure of compound

sentences: The semantic relations between the clauses making up the compound

sentence depend partly on the lexical meaning of the conjunction uniting them, and

partly on the meanings of the words making up the clauses themselves:

-Copulative conjunctions - and, neither…nor

-Disjunctive conjunctions - or, otherwise, either…or

-Adversative conjunctions - but, yet, still, nevertheless, however

As to the use of tenses in clauses making up a compound sentence, we should note that

there is no general rule of their interdependence. However, in a number of cases we

do find interdependence of co-ordinate clauses from this point of view. The number of

clauses in a compound sentence may be greater than 2, and in this case the conjunctions

uniting the clauses may be different.