- •1)The 2 branches of Grammar, their interconnection. Links of Gr. With other
- •2) Hierarchical structure of l. Segmental and supra-segmental levels.
- •3) The plane of content and the plane of expression. Polysemy, homonymy,
- •4) Notion of the morpheme. Types of morpheme. Suffixes and inflexions.
- •5)Distributional analysis in studying morphemes. Types of distribution.
- •6) Grammatical meaning, form, categories.
- •7)Different aspects of English Syntax.
- •8)Semantic, morphological, and syntactic categories. Notional categories and their
- •9) Textual Grammar.
- •10) Parts of speech. The criteria applied in discriminating parts of speech. The
- •11)The field theory approach to parts-of-speech classification. Classification of parts
- •12) The noun as a part of speech. The problem of the category of gender.
- •13) The category of number of the noun.
- •15) The article.
- •16) The adjective. Degrees of comparison. Substantivization of adjectives.
- •17) The pronoun. The categories of case and number. Subclasses of pronouns.
- •19) The category of aspect of the verb.
- •20) The composite sentence. Compound sentence.
- •21) The principal parts of the sentence:the subject & the predicate. Types of
- •22) The adverb and the structural parts of speech: prepositions, conjunctions,
- •23) The status of verbals in modern English.
- •24) Grammatical semantics of Participle II.
- •25) Word order in English.
- •26) The category of tense of the verb. The problem of perfect forms.
- •27) The complex sentence.
- •28) The category of mood of the verb.
- •29) The category of voice of the verb.
- •30) The phrase, its definition. The study of the phrase in Russian and foreign
- •31) Complicated sentences.
- •32) Types of phrases. Syntactic relations between the components of a phrase.
- •33) Notion of the sentence. Classification of sentence. Types of sentences.
- •34) The secondary parts of the sentence: the object, the attribute, the adverbial
1)The 2 branches of Grammar, their interconnection. Links of Gr. With other
branches of linguistic.
To start with answering the Q what is grammar, we should first of all give a definition
of lang. There are 2 understanding of lang-broad and narrow one. Under the term L in
general we understand a means of forming and storing ideas as a reflection of reality.
The narrow understanding defines L proper as a system of means of expression. In
connection with this we also distinguish speech proper, which is a manifistation of the
system of L the process of intercourse. And grammar determing the process of linking L
proper and speech proper. So we may define it as a set of rules and regulations. Grammar
or Grammatical system is one of the constituent part of L.It consists of the morphology
and syntax.Morphology is a branch of linguistic which treats with words and their forms.
Syntax is a branch which treats of the phrases, sentences, texts. These branches are closely
interconnected. Ex: has been found. Ilyish says that it’s a phrase and consequently falls
under syntax, but at the same time it’s form of the word find and thus it would seem to
fall into morphology.
Ilyish distinguish-paradigmatic morphology (is what we used to call morphology) and
syntagmatic morphology (the study of phrases n+n,n+adj).
Paradigmatic syntax-is a part of gr-l theory which deals with such phenomena.
Ex: My friend has come//My friend hasn’t come//Has my friend come.
Syntagmatic syntax-our speech.
Grammar is connected with linguistics.Ex: colour-colours. The number of noun is the
sphere of grammar, but here we see the process of aquiring a new meaning of word
colours (flags and this is in the domain of lexicology).
Grammar is also connected with pragmalinguistic, descriptive linguistic and other
branches of linguistics.
2) Hierarchical structure of l. Segmental and supra-segmental levels.
Units of L are divided into segmental and supra-segmental.
Segmental units consist of phonemes, which forms (syllables,morphemes,words)
Supra-segmental units do not exist by themselves, but work together with segmental
units (accents, pauses, patterns of word order)
Prof. Blokh M.Y. differentiates 6 levels:
1.Phonemic - the level of phonemes, which have no meaning and the function of which
is purely differential (e.g. fun, sun, bun, pun, run).
2.Morphemic level. Morphemes have the significative meanings and are used as
constituents of words. e.g. do – doing (progress); book – books (Pl)
3.Lexemic. The words (lexemes) are nominative units of language.
4.Phrasemic. Combinations of two or more notional words belong to this level.
5.Proposemic-the level of the sentence - ‘polynomination’ (naming a certain situation or
situational event). Sentences express predication, i.e. show the relation of the denoted
event to reality.
6.Dictemic. The dicteme is an elementary topical segmental unit of the continual text.
So it is a combination of sentences forming a textual unity.
Areas lying between the levels:
-phonotactics (the sequences of phonemes);
-morphotactics (or the sequences of morphemes);
-logotactics (between the word and phrase (and clause)).