- •16. Intonation and prosody. Prosodic subsystems; their acoustic and auditory properties. Functions of intonation/prosody and its subsystems.
- •18. Utterance stress, its types and problems of classification. The interrelation of word-stress and utterance stress.
- •19. Speech melody as a subsystem of intonation. Functions of its components. Nuclear tones in the system of English intonation.
- •20. Pausation and tempo in the structure of English intonation. Their functions.
- •21. Rhythm as a linguistic notion. English speech rhythm. Types of rhythmic units. Guidelines for teaching English speech rhythm.
- •22. Utterance stress, its types and problems of classification. Nuclear tones in the system of English intonation.
- •25. Main prosodic peculiarities of the publicistic (oratorial) phonostyle.
- •26. Main prosodic peculiarities of the academic (scientific) phonostyle.
- •27. Main prosodic peculiarities of the informational phonostyle.
- •28. Main prosodic peculiarities of the declamatory (artistic or belles-letter) phonostyle: fiction, drama, poetry.
- •31. Received Pronunciation and estuary English as a recent development of standard British English. The sociolinguistic aspect of Estuary English.
- •3 Main types:
- •32. Regional types of English pronunciation. Major differences between regional variants of English pronunciation and Received pronunciation.
- •1. Southern accents
- •2. Northern and Midland accent
- •In consonants.
- •In vowels
- •In consonants
- •In vowels
- •In consonants
- •33. American-based pronunciation standards of English. Major differences between General American and received pronunciation on the segmental and supersegmental levels.
- •Stress differences
- •Intonation differences
Stress differences
In words of French origin GA tends to have stress on the final syllable, while RP has it on the initial one.
Some words have 1st syllable stress in GA whereas in RP the stress may be elsewhere.
Some compound words have stress on the1st element in GA and in RP they retain it on the 2nd element: weekend, ice-cream.
Polysyllabic words ending in –ory, -ary, -mony have secondary stress in GA, often called “tertiary”: dictionary, secretary
Intonation differences
In sentences where the most common pre-nuclear contour in RP is a gradually descending sequence, the counterpart GA contour is a medium Level Head.
The usual Medium or Low fall in RP has its rising-falling counterpart in GA.
The rising terminal tone in RP in GA has a mid-rising contour.
The fall-rise nuclear tone is different in RP and GA.