- •16. Intonation and prosody. Prosodic subsystems; their acoustic and auditory properties. Functions of intonation/prosody and its subsystems.
- •18. Utterance stress, its types and problems of classification. The interrelation of word-stress and utterance stress.
- •19. Speech melody as a subsystem of intonation. Functions of its components. Nuclear tones in the system of English intonation.
- •20. Pausation and tempo in the structure of English intonation. Their functions.
- •21. Rhythm as a linguistic notion. English speech rhythm. Types of rhythmic units. Guidelines for teaching English speech rhythm.
- •22. Utterance stress, its types and problems of classification. Nuclear tones in the system of English intonation.
- •25. Main prosodic peculiarities of the publicistic (oratorial) phonostyle.
- •26. Main prosodic peculiarities of the academic (scientific) phonostyle.
- •27. Main prosodic peculiarities of the informational phonostyle.
- •28. Main prosodic peculiarities of the declamatory (artistic or belles-letter) phonostyle: fiction, drama, poetry.
- •31. Received Pronunciation and estuary English as a recent development of standard British English. The sociolinguistic aspect of Estuary English.
- •3 Main types:
- •32. Regional types of English pronunciation. Major differences between regional variants of English pronunciation and Received pronunciation.
- •1. Southern accents
- •2. Northern and Midland accent
- •In consonants.
- •In vowels
- •In consonants
- •In vowels
- •In consonants
- •33. American-based pronunciation standards of English. Major differences between General American and received pronunciation on the segmental and supersegmental levels.
- •Stress differences
- •Intonation differences
25. Main prosodic peculiarities of the publicistic (oratorial) phonostyle.
The term “publicistic” serves for many kinds of oratorical activities, that is why this intonational style is often called “oratorial”. Publicistic style is commonly called by phonostylists volitional and desiderative. Its manifestation can be heard in political, judicial, oratorical speeches, in sermons, parliamentary debates, meetings. It is evident that intonation has always been of primary importance there and surely needed accurate training and exaggeration to achieve excessive emotional colouring. The use of prosodic contrasts makes the speakers sometimes go to extremes and become needlessly dramatic. Another feature of publicistic style speeches is that they are never spontaneous. It is accepted that any professional talk is a “voyage”, and it should be charted, but it is strongly advisable not to use notes during the speech performance because they destroy the listener’s interest. The purpose of oratorical exercises is to stimulate, inspire the listeners, to arouse the enthusiasm in them.
It should be noted here that in publicistic speeches of famous writers, public figures etc. there may be deviations from formality and a contrast is often to be seen between the highly formal and rather ordinary and in some instances even colloquial language, when various illustrations, example, jokes are produced.
Public oratorial speeches are so removed from everyday informational narratives and so vividly marked ion the grammatical, lexical and prosodic levels that are immediately recognized be listeners and labeled as oratorial skills and exercises.
26. Main prosodic peculiarities of the academic (scientific) phonostyle.
This intinational style is often described by phonostylists as both intellectual and volitional. It is determined by the purpose of the communication as the speaker’s aim is to attract the listener’s attention, to establish close contact with the audience. It is frequently manifested in academic and educational lectures, scientific discussion, at the conferences, seminars and classes.
Specific features of the academic style:
A scientific text read aloud in public in front of a fairly-sized audience conveys both intellectual and volitional information. So the attitudinal and emphatic functions of intonation are of primary importance here.
A lecture always sounds self-assured, authoritative, instructive because any scientific style talk should be well prepared.
A scientific style presenter sounds much louder than an informational style reader as any public oration is produced face to face with fairly-sized audience.
The prosodic features of the academic style reading are rather varied as intonation correlates the lecture’s attempts to get his meaning across clearly and to obtain the balance between formality and informality. This variety is created by:
The alternation of pauses, types of heads, pitch levels and terminal tones.
The ample use of variations and contrast of the tempo to help the listener to differentiate between the more and less important parts of the overall flow of speech.
The rhythmical organization of a scientific text is properly balanced by the alternation of all prosodic features which gives the acoustic impression of “rhythmicality”.
High falling and high rising terminal tones are widely used as a means of both logical and contrastive emphasis.