- •2. The common features of Germanic languages.
- •1. The old Germanic languages, their classification and principal features.
- •3. The chronological division of the history of English. General characteristics of each period.
- •4. The Scandinavian invasion and its effect on English.
- •5. The Norman Conquest and its effect on English.
- •6. The dialectal situation of English from a historical perspective.
- •7. Principal Old English and Middle English written record.
- •8. Major spelling changes in me.
- •12. Consonant changes in the history of English
- •9. The oe sound system. Vowel and consonant changes in Old English.
- •Loss of Consonants:
- •10. Monophthongs in the history of English.
- •11. Diphthongs in the history of English
- •14. The oe noun system.
- •15. The simplification of the noun declension in English
- •30. The main trends in word formation in history of English
- •16. The development of personal pronouns in the history of English.
- •17. The development of the adjective in history of English
- •18. The development of demonstrative pronouns in the history of English.
- •13. Form-building means in the history of English
- •19. Oe verbal system.
- •20.Weak verbs in oe & their further development.
- •21. Strong verbs in oe and their development.
- •22. Oe preterite-present verbs and anomalous verbs and their further development.
- •26. The causes of changes in the morphological system in me & ne. The origin of modern English regular and irregular noun forms.
- •23 .Changes in the verb conjugation in the history of English.
- •27. The principal features of oe syntax.
- •24. The rise of analytical forms within the verbal system in the history of English.
- •Formation
- •25. Verbals in the history of English
- •Infinitive
- •28. The main trends in the development of English syntax.
- •29. Oe vocabulary & its etymological characteristics.
- •31. Borrowings as a source of the replenishment of e vocabulary in me & ne.
13. Form-building means in the history of English
Form-building means |
OE |
ME |
NE |
Synthetic |
|||
inflections |
Great variety |
In inflected parts of speech (but less varied) |
Non productive |
-sound changes |
Mostly in V, N, Adj |
Less productive in weak V, some Adj & Verbals |
Most of them disappeared Left: irregular V, Adj. & N (only a few words) |
suppletion |
Anomalous V, N & Adj. (bēo – wæs) |
Number of words reduced. (good – better –the best) |
Survived from OE |
Analytical |
|||
analytical forms |
- |
Began to appear, developed from synthetic phrases |
Continued to grow, V mostly |
word order |
Free |
Less free to express gram. means |
Fixed, it was the poison of a noun that pointed to its synthetic function (direct/indirect W O started to express gram. Means) |
Special use of prepos. |
Form of the Object (tō hire – Dat.c) |
Used freely of any N. |
Usage became specialized depending on the verb and on the meaning of a verb pattern |
19. Oe verbal system.
Finite
They had the following categories:
Tense – Present and Past (NB no Future! – future actions were expressed by the Present Tense forms);
Mood – Indicative (finde);Infin.- findan, Imperative (find), Superlative (finde) ;
Person – 1st, 2nd, 3rd;
Number – Singular (Sg) and Plural (Pl);
Conjugation – strong and weak.
Non-finite:
Infinitive resembled the Noun and had the category of:
Case – Nominative (Nom) and Dative (Dat)
e.g. Nom beran (uninflected) – Dat to berenne (inflected, indicated direction or purpose);
Participles 1, 2 resembled the Verb, the Noun and the Adjective and had the following categories:
Tense – Present (Participle 1) and Past (Participle 2);
Number – Singular (Sg) and Plural (Pl);
Gender – Masculine (M), Feminine (F), Neuter (N);
Case – Nominative (Nom), Genitive (Gen), Dative (Dat), Accusative (Acc);
Voice – Active (Part. 1, 2) and Passive (Part 2).
In OE all verbs were divided into 4 morph. groups: 2 major (strong and weak verbs) & 2 minor (anomalous, preterite – present verbs).
Morphological types:
Strong verbs (purely of IE origin) form their Past tense by changing their root vowel (ablaut). R. – беру – брал.
OE – sittan – sæt.
Strong verbs represent an unproductive type.
Weak verbs form their tense with a help of –d/-t (dental suffix) → productive type; Germanic origin. OE – lician – licode.
Preterite - Present (12 of them). Their present forms were once past tense forms. They had features of both strong and weak verbs. In present tense had vowel gradation. Had modal meaning & denote not action but attitude to an action. Only 6 of them survived. Eg: dugan (avail), cunnan (can), magan (may).
Anomalous (irregular). Abnormality is connected with conjugation. They had suppletivity, some forms were built by changing the whole root. There were 4 of them (beōn – dōn – willan – зān)