Inside cockpit

Inside the cockpit, the pilot has a variety of controls, instruments, and navigation aids. Most planes have a yoke (control wheel) that operates the ailerons and elevator. A few special types of planes such as fighters and spray planes have a control stick instead of a yoke. Two rudder pedals control the rudder. Various engine instruments record the fuel supply, oil pressure, and other information about the engine. Flight instruments show the plane's speed, altitude, and attitude (position) in the air.

Some airplanes have an automatic pilot, which is also called an autopilot or gyropilot. This device is connected to the airplane's controls and automatically keeps the plane on course.

yoke	штурвал	altitude	висота польоту
control stick	важіль керування	attitude	положення у просторі

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1. What is situated in the cockpit?

2. What kind of planes has control stick?

3. What information is shown on the flight instruments?

Exercise 3. Read and dramatize the following dialogue.

Engineer: What seems to be a trouble?

Aviator: I think some of the rivets have pulled loose. You can move the skin where it should be tight.

Engineer: I’ll have a look. How about pulling off the fillets at the wing roots? I’ll keep on opening these inspection plates aft of the main spar.

Aviator: There certainly are a lot of hatches on this airplane.

Engineer: Well, there’s one for each important member that’s likely to show wear. Those fillets you’re taking off will let us look at some important clusters in the fuselage—where the wings attach to the longerons.

Aviator: Let’s be sure to fasten all these things before we fly it again.

Engineer: Don’t worry. When you make the test flight in this airplane, I’m going along. I don’t want to feel any burbling or buffeting to remind me I forgot to fasten something. I plan to remember ahead of time.

Aviator: Your thoroughness has always impressed me. I’m impressed even more when you say you want to go along on the test flight.

Engineer: OK. Now give me a hand in inspecting the rear of the fuselage.

aft buffeting bulkhead cluster fillet

позаду вібрація перегородка група частин ущільнення

inspection plate rivet skin spar stringer

кришка люку заклепка обшивка лонжерон стрингер (балка міцності)

Exercise 4. Answer the following questions:

1. In the drawing (Fig. 5), what is number 1?

2. What is number 2?

3. What is Number 3?

4. What is number 4?

Fig. 8. An airplane.

Граматичні відомості

Особливості використання ідіоми “to be going to do something”

Під час розмови “going to” використовується щодо рішення, яке вже прийняте до початку розмови:

Can you repair the computer? It’s burnt. – I know, I’m going to do it afternoon.

Якщо рішення прийняте щойно, використовується will у значенні “я згоден”.

Could you do it for me? – OK, no problem, I’ll do.

Ідіома “to be going to” часто використовується у випадках, коли теперішні обставини вказують на певну подію у найближчому майбутньому:

We got stuck in a traffic jam. We’re going to be late.

В інших випадках варто використовувати will:

I think Tom will pass his exam.

Exercise. Complete the sentences with ‘be going to’ or will.

1. Come on, hurry up! Make a decision. – Well, we ________ turn left.

2. Did you post a letter? – Don’t worry, I remember. I __________ do it afternoon.

3. Nick, we’re out of floppy disks. – OK. I ________ order this.

4. Ann, do you want me to take you to the station? – No, thanks, Peter __________ take me.

5. I can’t work out how to use this program. – It’s easy. I ___________ show you.

Комунікативна практика

Naming

Exercise 1. Discuss in pairs the following questions:

1. Do you like your name?

2. Does it go with your personality?

3. Do you know why your parents gave you that name?

4. Do you know what it means?

Exercise 2. Read 10 reasons for naming a baby. Choose 3 reasons for naming your future child.

1. It sounds good.

2. It’s a famous person’s name.

3. It came from a name book.

4. It’s a traditional family name.

5. It creates a strong image.

6. It reminds of a close friend.

7. It suits the baby’s appearance.

8. It’s the name of a parent or a grandparent.

9. It has religious associations.

10. It refers to the time of firth.

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences using the given words:

go with, image, associations, makes, reminds, at alic, sound, suggests, suits.

1. The name Elvis always _______ me of a rock star.

2. Her name is Flora. That ________ a flower to me.

3. She is called India, so it ________ me think of the country.

4. My name doesn’t _______ my personality at all. It means “calm” – and I am not!

5. I think a name like Augustus created a very strong _______.

6. His first name is Taras, so it _______ like he could be a Ukrainian.

7. She is a lively person and her name means “full of life”, so it really_______ her.

8. The name Lora has all kinds of happy ________ for me, because that was my grandmother’s name.

Вправи для самостійної роботи

Exercise 1. Translate the texts from pages 75-76 into Ukrainian (Russian).

Exercise 2. Make five examples of general questions and five examples of personal questions to ask your classmates during next lesson. Examples of general information: weather forecast, new model of computer, what’s on TV; examples of personal information: family life, health of co-speaker.

Exercise 3. Combine the content of two sentences into one sentence using clauses of time and condition (see Lesson 8 of this Module, p. 64). Note, that you must use comma when the subordinate clause comes before the main clause:

When the weather is fine, we’ll go to the park.

No comma is used when the subordinate clause follows the main clause:

Peter’s going to the cinema after he does homework.

Example: (as soon as) First: Nick will finish his work.

Then: He will watch TV.

Nick will watch TV as soon as he finishes his work. OR

As soon as he finishes his work, Nick will watch TV.

1)	(after)	First: Then:	The rain will stop. I’ll go home.
2)	(when)	First: Then:	I will get home tonight. I’m going to take a shower.
3)	(before)	First: Then:	We are going to get visa. We will leave for Greece.
4)	(if)	First: Then:	Electron will have enough energy. It will reach the anode.
5)	(as soon as)	First: Then:	The cyclone will go to the north. The weather will start improving.
6)	(when)	First: Then:	We well have enough money. Our laboratory will get new equipment.
7)	(if)	First: Then:	I’m going to see Peter tomorrow. I’ll give him your message.

Lesson 11

ВИВЧЕННЯ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЇ ЗА ТЕМОЮ МОДУЛЯ

Exercise 1. Read and translate the dialogue.

Aviator: Now when we’ve opened up the airplane, what do you plan to do?

Engineer: We’ll start with the controls. Tell me about anything that’s wrong with the way it flies.

Aviator: Oh, there hasn’t been anything.

Engineer: Good. We’ll have a good look at the whole system, anyway. The cable tension might be wrong, a push-pull rod might not be safetied, or a pulley might be worn.

Aviator: You don’t sound so optimistic.

Engineer: I want it to be perfect when it flies again.

Aviator: Right. I remember an airplane I flew which had aileron boost instead of deboost. It wasn’t very stable.

Engineer: I won’t let that happen. I’ll personally guarantee that the ailerons will work right and the elevators will respond to the control wheel.

Aviator: Good.

Engineer: Before I get inside the fuselage, let’s have a look at this elevator. Do you see anything wrong with the tab?

Aviator: No, it looks OK to me.

Engineer: This could be serious. Notice how this cotter key has broken off. If it fell out, it could let the wire in the piano hinge slide out to the point of locking the elevators in an up or down position. Now, what do you think of that?

Aviator: It scares me. But the one on the other side and the one on the rudder looks OK don’t they?

Engineer: Yes, they’re all right. This is something you should have seen on your visual inspections.

Aviator: I won’t let that slip by again. Watching you run this inspection is doing me a lot of good.

Engineer: Well, now we’re ready to get down to really going over this plane.

Aviator: Tell me what you’re doing, will you?

Engineer: Right. I’ll first check out all the cables, the push-pull rods, and the bell cranks. Then I’ll check the attaching points of the vertical and horizontal stabilizers. After that, I’ll check the travel of the flaps and spoilers and make sure they move equal distances on both sides. After that, will you hold the rudder pedals against the stops so I can check for equal movement?

A viator: I’ll be glad to help.

Fig. 9. The spoiler (the parts of the wing that are raised up).

bell crank boost cable controls cotter key elevator hinge

розтруб форсаж кабель пристрої керування клин, шпонка руль висоти шарнір

pulley push-pull rod rudder spoiler tab trim turnbuckle

ролик двотактний важіль руль напрямку спойлер тример балансувати хомутик, стяжка

Exercise 2. Select the proper term.

1. We’re going to install the new elevator (flaps, cables).

2. I’ll help guide it over this (pulley, boost).

3. I don’t think the elevators have enough (travel, tension).

4. Maybe we can adjust the (spoiler, stops) to give more move­ment.

5. We must be careful to get the right (tension, tab) on the cables.

6. Could that be why I’ve needed so much elevator (trim, flaps) on each landing?

7. They’ll put a new (turnbuckle, cotter key) in the piano hinge.

8. I’ve found a piano hinge which isn’t (satisfied, stable).

Граматичні відомості

Форма дієслів Perfect

В технічних текстах форма Perfect використовується порівняно рідко: коли потрібно вказати на результат дії.

They in fact have detected something unusual.

Skeptics have attacked previous results for their lack of statistical rigour.

Скептики критикували попередні результати за недостатню суворість з погляду статистики.

By the time the arm of the loop has completed half a revolution it is sweeping past a south magnetic pole.

У той час коли контакт контуру завершує півоберту, він проходить вздовж південного полюсу.

Present Perfect ніколи не використовується, якщо вказано, коли відбулась дія, за допомогою таких слів, як yesterday, last week, at five o’clock, an hour ago тощо. В цьому випадку використовують форму Past Simple. Однак при цьому слід пам’ятати, що зі словами, що позначають період часу, який ще не закінчився (today, this week, this month и т.д.), може використовуватися Present Perfect: Have you read the newspaper today? Водночас із такими словами часто використовується і Past Simple, при цьому розуміється, що подія відбулася в той період, який вже завершився: I got up early today (припускається, що я прокинувся вранці, але вже день).

З прислівниками lately (за останній час) и just (щойно) практично завжди використовується Present Perfect (принаймні у Великій Британії).

I’ve just seen him.

З прислівником just now, який також перекладається як щойно, використовується Past Simple: I saw him just now.

Дуже часто Present Perfect використовується з такими прислівниками невизначеного часу, як ever, never, often, already, yet.

He hasn’t finished his work yet.

Розглянута функція Present Perfect звичайно відповідає минулому часу нашої мови (дія відбулась).

Інша функція Present Perfect – позначення дії, яка почалася в минулому і триває зараз:

He has been here since two o’clock. – Він є тут з другої години.

В цьому випадку під час перекладу використовується теперішній час нашої мови. Present Perfect фактично виконує функцію Present Perfect Progressive. Це пов’язано з тим, що дієслово to be (в значенні смислового, а не допоміжного дієслова), поряд з дієсловами, що відбивають почуття та сприйняття (know, see, love і так далі), не використовується в формі Progressive.

Під час перекладу багатьох дієслів, що виражають тривалу дію (стан) – live, study, work, teach тощо, функції Present Perfect і Present Perfect Progressive практично збігаються:

He has been living here since April. = He has lived here since April.

Він мешкає тут з квітня.

Однак в першому випадку увага переважно акцентується на тривалості дії, а в іншому на самому факті його здійснення.

У випадку дієслів, які відображають якусь разову дію (kill, close, bring, take і так далі) використання та переклад форм Perfect і Progressive суттєво відрізняються. Форма Progressive зазвичай означає, що дієслово використовується у переносному значенні, часто у складі ідіоматичного звороту:

The powerful blast has killed several animals. – Потужний вибух вбив декількох тварин.

I’ve walked miles and my feet are killing me. – Я пройшов так багато, що ніг під собою не відчуваю.

Present Perfect Progressive може також використовуватися для вираження тривалої дії, яка розпочалася в минулому та закінчилася безпосередньо перед моментом мовлення:

Although the sun is shining, it is still cold as it has been raining hard.

Хоча й світить сонце, ще холодно, тому що йшов сильний дощ.

В цьому випадку у перекладі, як і для Present Perfect, використовується минулий час.

Exercise 1. Use the following verbs in sentences of your own. Employ different verb tenses.

Example: I have been here since April. Kyiv is in Ukraine.

Come, go, predict, calculate, fly, conduct, process.

Exercise 2. Give appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets.

Example: I didn’t play (not play) basketball well before I entered the club.

1. Nick is a student. He _________ (already/be) a student for four months.

2. I _________ (never/work) with this model of computer.

3. During our vacation the weather ________ (be) terrible.

4. Peter graduated the school four years ago. I _______ (never/meet) him.

5. John lives in Phoenix. He ______ (live) there all his life.

6. William lived and died in London. He ________ (live) there all his life.

Комунікативна практика

Характеризування предметів

Описуючи предмети, ми використовуємо різні прикметники та прислівники або інші слова, що виконують їх роль. Подивимось, для прикладу, як ми можемо охарактеризувати новий комп’ютер та його роботу:

I’ve got a new modern computer. It works fast and effectively. It is equipped with all the necessary peripheral devices that allow me to use it for my work as well as for entertainment. It has two high speed processors that perform more than 10 billion operations per second. Its casing made of wood and metal looks great and attracts the sight of anyone who comes into my room.

Для отримання інформації про предмет ми використовуємо різні типи спеціальних питань, що починаються словами how (big, long, fast …), what/which (colour, weight …), who, whose тощо.

Exercise. Play a guessing game. Ask your classmate as many questions as possible to get information about an object or a phenomenon.

Вправи для самостійної роботи

Exercise 1. Fill in the gaps in the following text with the words from the box.

The turbine or jet engine operates on the principle of Newton’s third law of __________, which states that for every action, there is an opposite but equal __________. A jet sucks air into the front, squeezes the air by pulling it through a series of spinning compressors, mixes it with _________ and ignites the mixture, which then explodes with great force rearward through the exhaust nozzle. The rearward force is balanced with an equal force that _________ the jet engine, and the airplane attached to it, forward. A rocket engine operates on the same __________, except that, in order to operate in the airless vacuum of space, the rocket must carry along its own air, in the form of solid propellant or liquid oxidizer, for combustion.

There are several different types of jet _________. The simplest is the ramjet, which takes advantage of high speed to ram or force the air into the engine, eliminating the need for the spinning __________ section. This elegant simplicity is offset by the need to boost a ramjet to several hundred miles an hour before ram-air compression is sufficient to __________ the engine.

reaction pushes operate fuel motion compressor principle engines

Exercise 2. Translate in written the text from Exercise 1.

Exercise 3. Open parentheses putting the verb into correct form – present perfect or past simple.

1. I (hear) _________ a lot about the book you are reading now.

2. Transistors, which are cheaper, smaller, and more reliable now almost entirely (replace) ________ vacuum tubes.

3. On the 8^th of October Charles Manly (attempt) ___________ to fly his model catapulted from a converted houseboat in the Potomac River.

4. New technologies (lead) __________ to a debate as to whether the federal government, using fixed electronic stations, or the pilots should control navigation like in the earliest days.

5. As aviation (grow) _____________ from sport to industry, it was initially self-governing and learned primarily through trial and error.

6. In an effort to standardize quality systems on a global scale, the International Organization for Standardization (develop) _____________ the ISO 9000 series.

7. These systems measure changes in the aircraft's location and attitude that the pilot (take) _____________ since the aircraft left the ground.

Lesson 12

Підготовка до модульної контрольної роботи

Revision of topics discussed in lessons 1-11. Every students of the group makes a report devoted to the structure of airplanes, history of aviation, and related fields.

Вправи для самостійної роботи

Нижче наведені типові вправи, що можуть бути використані під час підготовки до письмового тесту.

Exercise 1. Give plurals to the following words if possible:

A house, a knife, a lady, a child, a tooth, a key, a city, a fly, a man, a chair, a box, a chief, potato, people, a mouse, a tomato, a life, a goose, a formula, a radius, a salmon, an index, a play, a deer.

Exercise 2. Complete the following sentences with pronouns little/a little и few/a few – небагато/майже нема.

It allows the flow of electricity with ______ or no resistance, greatly improving the speed of information flow.

The lifespan of the satellite was expected to be only _______ months.

Every ______ seconds at least a bit of space dust burned harmlessly into the atmosphere. The brightest flares left shimmering trails that hung for ________ seconds.

In the ensuing years, ______ engineers made other significant advances.

Astronomers delivered _____ piece of good news on Wednesday – we are much less likely to get wiped out by a big asteroid than previously thought.

We've got a lot to do for the first _______ weeks.

Exercise 3. Make up comparative degrees with the following adjectives.

Example: fast – faster – the fastest

Big, little, good, bad, long, fine, active, comfortable, hot, thin.

Exercise 4. Translate the following text in written.

Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky, Russian-born American aeronautical engineer and manufacturer, was born in Kyiv, and educated at the naval college in Saint Petersburg, and in Kyiv and Paris. His greatest aeronautical achievements were his multi-motored airplanes, large flying boats and helicopters. Through innovative designs he set numerous aviation world records. At first he experimented in helicopter design. In 1913 he designed, built, and flew the first successful multiengine airplane. Later he built military aircraft for Russia and France.

Sikorsky moved (1919) to the United States and later helped organize an aircraft company that produced a series of multiengine flying boats for commercial service. Sikorsky became an American citizen in 1928. In the late 1930s Sikorsky returned to developing helicopters and produced the first successful helicopter in the western hemisphere. Sikorsky-designed helicopters were used exclusively by the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II. Igor Sikorsky is noted as an unusual person: a genius with great natural ability, spirituality, humanity and being a true gentleman of the old school.

Exercise 5. Insert articles whenever required.

1. We have . . . new gladder . . . is quite big.

2. There is . . . old plane in front of the building.

3. On . . . 17^th of . . . December, 1903, . . . brother Wright, . . . Americans, flew . . . first propeller-driven heavier-than-air . . . aircraft . . . first . . . flight had . . . distance of . . . 120 feet, at . . . altitude of . . . 10 feet, and . . . duration of only . . . our country.

4. . . . Black Sea is in . . . south of . . . our country.

5. Kyiv is to . . . south of . . . Moscow.

6. . . . Washington DC is . . . capital of . . . United States of America.

Exercise 6. Translate into Ukrainian (or Russian).

1. He shaves himself.

2. Peter is a friend of mine.

3. You and I have a car; yours is newer than mine.

4. I like this airplane more than that.

5. Gagarin and Korolev liked each other very much.

6. Football players pass the ball to one another.

7. She will do it by herself.

8. Landing requirements are the same as in your country.

Exercise 7. Make new words from the following words using common suffixes and prefixes.

symbol, to consider, to add, position, to depend, to calculate, to resist, to adopt, to possess, to multiply.

Exercise 8. Fill in each blank with a suitable term.

1. In 1841 another Britisher, by the name of William Henson, designed the first propeller-_________ airplane.

2. Special governmental programs and organizations provide the requirements for the certification of ________, ______, and other personnel who have direct influence on the safe operation of the aircraft.

3. The part of the __________for the crew is called the cockpit or _________.

4. The ___________ is a structure that supports the airplane on the ground.

5. Movable control surfaces help ________ the plane in flight.

6. The engine of most single-engine planes is located in the ______part of the _____. However, some jet planes have one or all of their engines at the ______ of the __________.

7. The _________ is like a small wing in the tail of an airplane.

Exercise 9. Explain the terms below with other words.

1. Landing gear.

2. Trim tab.

3. Flap.

4. Taxiing.

5. Fuel tank.

6. Descent.

7. Pilot.