Very High Frequency Omni-directional Range (vor)
The VOR station transmits two signals, one is constant in all directions, and the other varies the phase relative to the first signal. The VOR receiver senses the phase difference between the two frequencies and the difference identifies 360 different directions or "radials" from the VOR. The aircraft is on one, and only one, radial from the station. The system does not provide distance information.
When the appropriate VOR frequency is entered into a navigation radio, the VOR indicator connected to that radio is used to find where the aircraft is relative to the VOR station. The vertical needle called a Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) on the VOR indicator shows whether the aircraft is right or left of the chosen course. A "To/From/Off" indicator indicates whether the aircraft is on the "to" or "from" side. If the aircraft is "abeam the station", an "off" indication is given. To fly toward the station, the Omni Bearing Selector (OBS) is turned until the CDI is centered with a "to" indication. The pilot then flies that heading. To find out where the aircraft is located from that station, center the needle with a "from" indication. If a radial is dialed into the VOR indicator, the CDI will be right or left of the center and either a "to" or a "from" indication will be seen. The heading of the aircraft does not matter.
patch frequency band navigational aid homing heading knob omni- phase |
місце частотна смуга навігаційний засіб наведення, привід напрямок, курс кнопка everywhere фаза |
needle radial abeam
bearing to dial deviation rose |
стрілка радіант на траверзі (перпендикулярно руху) пеленг, азимут настроювати, набирати відхилення кругла шкала |
Can a pilot use common commercial radio stations as radio beacons?
What range of frequencies is used for ADF?
What does ADF display look like?
How many signals does VOR system transmit?
What does pilot need to do to find out airplane’s location with VOR system?
Is it possible to measure a distance between an airplane and VOR station?
Exercise 2. Explain the following terms with other words.
Course deviation indicator, bearing, home the station, abeam the station, compass rose.
ГРАМАТИЧНІ ВПРАВИ
Reviewing grammar structures expressing wishes (Module 4, Lesson 10)
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with appropriate endings.
She won’t talk about it, but I wish she ___________.
Today is Monday. I wish ______________________.
There's a strike tomorrow. I wish some buses __________ __________________.
I didn’t read this book, but I wish _________________.
I can’t type fast, but I wish ___________________.
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with an appropriate form of the verbs in parentheses.
We had a perfect rest over vacations. I wish you (come) ________ with us.
Have you prepared for this test? – No, but now I wish _____________.
New Year coming. I wish your dreams (come) _________ true!
I wish we (not, have) ___________ to work today. – Me too. I wish it (be) ___________ Sunday today.
Is this barking bothering you? – Yes, I’d like this dog (go) ________ away.
Комунікативна практика
Classifying
The term 'classifying' means arranging objects in classes or groups according to shared characteristics. For example, the class of 'living creatures' includes all living things that can feel and move about, such as fish and birds. Each of these subgroups is also a class in its own right, having shared characteristics.
Classifying, then, is a process of bringing order out of confusion by organizing information in a logical fashion. There are several ways of classifying the same information.
From general to specific: focusing on the large or high-level category and talking about its parts, that is from general to specific, the following expressions can be used:
is can be divided into is of has |
is made up of is composed of comprises consists of |
A general-to-specific classification will usually have singular main verbs, unless two or more things are being analyzed simultaneously:
The CPU has three parts: the control unit, the arithmetic-logic unit, and memory.
The CPU is composed of three parts: the control unit, the arithmetic-logic unit, and memory.
The CPU consists of three parts: the control unit, the arithmetic-logic unit, and memory.
From specific to general: what the smaller (or lower-level) components make when they are put together. This kind of classification uses the following words and expressions:
make up form constitute |
maybe can be are classified as |
A specific-to-general classification will have plural verbs, because two or more lower-level categories are the focus of classification:
The control unit, the arithmetic-logic unit, and memory are the three parts that make up the CPU.
The control unit, the arithmetic-logic unit, and memory are the three parts that form the CPU.
Exercise 1. Using the classification strategy tell about the different types of electric meters.
Вправи для самостійної роботи
Exercise 1. Translate the text from pages 475-476 into Ukrainian (Russian).
Exercise 2. Give an adequate translation of the sentences below paying special attention to the parts in italics.
The International Aerospace congress is an annual meeting.
The recent one was held in Washington DC.
Some 300 delegates came from countries outside the United States.
The president of the 20th jubilee congress was Professor Andrew Jones.
The ICAO section was chaired by Professor Terry B. Jordan.
The opening ceremony was followed by a reception.
The most noteworthy paper was presented by John Adams.
This paper was presented during the Space Law Colloquium and attracted widespread attention.
There was a session on energy conversion and yet another simultaneous session on astrophysics.
The last subject was treated as a round-table topic where a number of contributors made both prepared and unprepared comments.
Dr Win was a major contributor to the research.
The round table concept was continued with a discussion on the exploration of the solar system by radar.
Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences into English.
Хотів би я знати це раніше!
Якщо б вони були тут, ми би владнали всі наші справи дуже швидко.
Ви могли би його зустріти, якщо би ви прийшли трошки раніше.
Я хотів би мати більше повноважень для вирішення подібних проблем.
Я щиро бажаю Вам здійснення всіх мрій!
Якщо би я його побачив вчора, я би обов’язково передав йому всі ваші інструкції.
Lesson 6
ВИВЧЕННЯ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЇ ЗА ТЕМОЮ МОДУЛЯ
Exercise 1. Listen to the text an then answer the questions.
Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as aircraft, ships, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. A transmitter emits radio waves, which are reflected by the target and detected by a receiver, typically in the same location as the transmitter. Although the radio signal returned is usually very weak, radio signals can easily be amplified. This enables a radar to detect objects at ranges where other emissions, such as sound or visible light, would be too weak to detect. The term RADAR was coined in 1941 as an acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging.
Fig. 86. A radar tower at Heathrow Airport
Radar has many uses, including aiding navigation in the sea and air, helping detect military forces, improving traffic safety, and providing scientific data. One of radar’s primary uses is air traffic control, both civilian and military (Fig. 86). Large networks of ground-based radar systems help air traffic controllers keep track of aircraft and prevent midair collisions. Commercial and military ships also use radar as a navigation aid to prevent collisions between ships and to alert ships of obstacles, especially in bad weather conditions when visibility is poor. Military forces around the world use radar to detect aircraft and missiles, troop movement, and ships at sea, as well as to target various types of weapons. Radar is a valuable tool for the police in catching speeding motorists. In the world of science radar is used to observe and forecast the weather, in mapping the surface of the earth from orbit, studying asteroids, and investigating the surfaces of other planets and their moons etc.
A radar system starts by sending out electromagnetic radiation, called the signal. The signal bounces off objects in its path. When the radiation bounces back, part of the signal returns to the radar system; this echo is called the return. The radar system detects the return and, depending on the sophistication of the system, simply reports the detection or analyzes the signal for more information. Even though radio waves and microwaves reflect better than electromagnetic waves of other lengths, only a tiny portion—about a billionth of a billionth—of the radar signal gets reflected back. Therefore, a radar system must be able to transmit high amounts of energy in the signal and to detect tiny amounts of energy in the return.
A radar system is composed of four basic components: a transmitter, an antenna, a receiver, and a display. The transmitter produces the electrical signals in the correct form for the type of radar system. The antenna sends these signals out as electromagnetic radiation. The antenna also collects incoming return signals and passes them to the receiver, which analyzes the return and passes it to a display. The display enables human operators see the data.
All radar systems perform the same basic tasks, but the way systems carry out their tasks has some effect on the system’s parts. A type of radar called pulse radar sends out bursts of radar at regular intervals. Pulse radar requires a method of timing the bursts from its transmitter, so this part is more complicated than the transmitter in other radar systems. Another type of radar called continuous-wave radar sends out a continuous signal. Continuous-wave radar gets much of its information about the target from subtle changes in the return, or the echo of the signal. The receiver in continuous-wave radar is therefore more complicated than in other systems.
range terrain emission missile |
відстань, діапазон тип місцевості, ландшафт випромінювання балістична ракета |
motorist pulse burst continuous |
driver імпульс(ний) спалах, імпульс безперервний |
What is radar?
Where is radar used?
What types of radar systems do you know?
What does radar system consist of?
Exercise 2. Use the words from the box to complete the following sentences.
Radar found many __________ in civilian and military life and became more sophisticated and specialized for each application. The use of radar in air traffic ________ grew quickly during the Cold War, especially with the jump in air traffic that ________in the 1960s. Today almost all commercial and private aircraft have _________, a special device that sends out a signal when it receives a signal telling it to do this. They send out radar signals encoded with information about an _______and its flight that other aircraft and air traffic _________ can use.
American traffic ________John Barker discovered in 1947 that moving automobiles would reflect radar waves, which could be analyzed to determine the car’s ________. Police began using traffic radar in the 1950s, and the accuracy of traffic radar has ________markedly since the 1980s.
-
control, transponder, to increase, controller, application, to occur, aircraft, engineer, speed
Комунікативна практика
Texts containing technical terminology frequently contain definitions and explanations. This is particularly the case if the text is aimed at non-experts or students of technical subjects, or if the purpose of the text is to inform specialists about new developments.
1. Common words and expressions used in definitions or explanations are listed below.
is/are means is taken to be |
denotes is/can be defined as by... we mean |
by ... is meant in other words that is (to say) |
Examples:
A computer is an electronic device.
Printers are output devices.
The term computer refers to the processor plus the internal memory.
A microchip can be defined as a tiny piece of silicon or similar material carrying an integrated circuit.
By peripherals we mean those devices attached to the computer.
2. Some definitions and explanations give further distinguishing (Characteristics by means of a defining relative clause.
Examples:
A computer is an electronic device which/that processes information.
Tapes and disks are memory devices which/that can be stored away for future use.
A programmer is a person who/that prepares programs to solve problems.
The arithmetic-logical unit is the part of the CPU where arithmetic and decision-making operations are done.
Note: The relative pronouns used in this type of definition or explanation will be who or that for people, when for a period of time, where for a place or location, and that or which for things.
3. Another way of defining or explaining is to use a noun, a noun phrase, or a clause separated from the rest of the sentence by commas or dashes.
Examples:
Computers - electronic devices for processing information -are now used in practically every aspect of life. (noun phrase)
Turnkey systems, complete hardware/software products which are ready for use, are available from many suppliers. (clause)
Exercise 1. Study the following information and give definitions to the following words: CD-ROM, CD-Recorder, DVD, Magneto-optical. Remember that a definition usually includes three parts: the term to be defined, the group it belongs to, and the characteristics which distinguish it from other members of the group.
CD-ROM |
Allows you to create CDs in a format that can be read by a CD-R drive or a regular CD-ROM drive. Come in two different forms: CD-R (recordable) and CD-RW (rewritable) |
Used to store software, dictionaries, multi-media databases, etc. Can play music CDs. |
CD-Recorder |
Can store a lot of information (650 MB) Economical way of sharing information. |
To back up hard discs or to distribute and archive information. |
DVD-ROM |
Can’t write anything to it. Can hold 17 GB, about 25 times an ordinary CD-ROM. It’s a ‘read-only’ device. There are also DVD rewritable drives. |
To store multimedia software and complete Hollywood movies. Can also play music CDs and CD-RMSs. |
Magneto-optical |
Uses both a laser and an electromagnet to record information. MO disks are rewritable. |
Ideal for back-up and portable mass storage. |
Вправи для самостійної роботи
Exercise 1. Learn the text and then answer the questions in written.
Clutter is what radar users call radar signals that do not come from actual targets. Rain, snow, and the surface of the earth reflect energy, including radar waves. Such echoes can produce signals that the radar system may mistake for actual targets. Clutter makes it difficult to locate targets, especially when the system is searching for objects that are small and distant. Many of these methods rely on the fact that clutter tends to appear static between radar scans. Radar engineers have developed several systems to take advantage of the difference in Doppler shifts between clutter and moving targets. Some radar systems use a moving target indicator (MTI), which subtracts out every other radar return from the total signal. Because the signals from stationary objects will remain the same over time, the MTI subtracts them from the total signal, and only signals from moving targets get past the receiver. Other radar systems actually measure the frequencies of all returning signals. Frequencies with very low Doppler shifts are assumed to come from clutter. Those with substantial shifts are assumed to come from moving targets.
Sea clutter can be reduced by using horizontal polarization, while rain is reduced with circular polarization (note that meteorological radars wish for the opposite effect, therefore using linear polarization the better to detect precipitation). Other methods attempt to increase the signal-to-clutter ratio.
Clutter is actually a relative term, since the clutter for some systems could be the target for other systems. For example, a radar system that tracks airplanes considers precipitation to be clutter, but precipitation is the target of weather radar. The plane-tracking radar would ignore the returns with large sizes and low Doppler shifts that represent weather features, while the weather radar would ignore the small-sized, highly-Doppler-shifted returns that represent airplanes.
Radar jamming refers to RF signals originating from sources outside the radar, transmitting in the radar's frequency and thereby masking targets of interest. Jamming may be intentional, as with an anti-radar electronic warfare (EW) tactic, or unintentional, as with friendly forces operating equipment that transmits using the same frequency range. Jamming is considered an active interference source, since it is initiated by elements outside the radar and in general unrelated to the radar signals.
Jamming is problematic to radar since the jamming signal only needs to travel one-way (from the jammer to the radar receiver) whereas the radar echoes travel two-ways (radar-target-radar) and are therefore significantly reduced in power by the time they return to the radar receiver. Jammers therefore can be much less powerful than their jammed radars and still effectively mask targets along the line of sight from the jammer to the radar.
clutter target static Doppler shift to jam |
перешкода/завада ціль нерухомий допплерівський зсув створювати перешкоди, заважати |
What is a difference between a clutter and jam?
What are main means to elucidate clutters?
What are sources of clutters?
Why jamming is problematic to radar?
Is it possible to prevent radar from jamming?
Exercise 2. Describe in a few sentences your favorite place of nature where you usually have a rest.
Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences into English.
Не встигли ми написати й декількох речень, як раптом з’явився Микола.
Нічого вже не поробиш, таке наше життя.
Невже ти не міг придумати щось більш правдоподібне, щоби пояснити це?!
Мав би я більше часу, я б і не таке зробив!
Не пройшло й тижня, як ми зрозуміли наскільки ми помилялись!
І тільки після того, як я прочитав звіт, я нарешті зрозумів, наскільки все погано.
Ніколи я не зіткався з таким складним завданням.
Невже ти нічого не почув?
Невже ти щось почув?
Exercise 4. Find the word or group of words that should be changed in order sentence to be correct.
The leaves of the common sunflower are rough to the touch on the both side.
Another great artists of the time and possibly the most gifted silversmith in the colonies was Paul Revere.
The red cardinal spends many of its time feeding on the ground.
In the 1920s, Tulsa had a higher number of millionaire than any other U.S. city.
Because Washington DC is a district and not a state, its residents have less rights than other citizens.
Helium is a colorless, odorless, taste element often used to inflate balloons.
The common was the heart of every New England villages built in the eighteen century.
Lesson 7
ВИВЧЕННЯ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЇ ЗА ТЕМОЮ МОДУЛЯ
Exercise 1. Read and translate into Ukrainian the text above. Try to find out the meaning of the new words from the context and then check out with a dictionary.
Standardization in modern aviation systems
Safety provision for the vehicles such as aircraft, spacecraft, trains, ships, etc. is of special importance because any serious technical failure could result in catastrophic consequences.
Recent projects developed by EUROCONTROL (http://www. eurocontrol.be/projects/eachip/hml) such as Datalink and Human Machine Interface for the Air Traffic Controllers are addressing mainly on-ground activities as well as ground-to-air message communication in a standardized but fairly limited way. The real need, however, exists for systems that will be able to assist the pilot in more active ways, and when failure takes place will either tolerate it or assist graceful degradation to the appropriate (acceptable) state. Moreover, pilots in complex cases are unable to provide correct recovery of the system after fault manifestation.
On-board avionics systems are proprietary and no standardization is expected in the foreseeable future. The various microprocessors employed dramatically vary in their performance. Motorola 68X2X, PowerPC 603, R4000, and 486DX2 are those to be mentioned here. Thus, in the case where additional information (preferably in easily understandable visual format!) needs to be delivered to the pilot by uploading it from the ground station, there is an obvious need for a platform-independent solution. There are the following two ways to implement it:
add some additional equipment especially dedicated to receiving this extra information;
use the same processing facilities which already exist but provide software which will be able to accept some sort of standard document format.
The first method has the advantage that it can be totally isolated from control contours and it can be standardized in the same way as radio communication and navigation systems. However, it requires additional hardware on-board and it must be fitted in the same weight/space limits devoted to the avionics system. Additionally, since the nature of this equipment is to provide assistance to the pilot in special situations, it may never be used at all during the aircraft life. This consideration significantly reduces attractiveness of the first approach.
The second method requires the choice of a standard format accepted by all aircraft manufacturers (true for the first method!) and to the implement a software system for every processor on-board to handle uploaded information.
There is one example of this in the computer industry where the PostScript format is used by many printers in order to produce pictures while printers are built using different microprocessors. In this case each printer type is equipped with the PostScript-interpreter.
Thus, functionally such uploadable components will upgrade on-board avionics systems during the flight for achieving better safety. These uploadable components have been named safelets1.
Since safelets are sort of computer viruses which are added to the on-board systems, there is always the hazard that they are not authentic but are sent by irresponsible “jokers”, or in case of the military aircraft, directly by enemy forces. Even if they could be not exactly viruses designed for crashing systems and destroying the data but stealthy nonviral code like Netbus or Back Orifice, such mobile code may spy on systems. Therefore is a need to investigate appropriate technologies for producing secure mobile code.
There are following problems which should be solved before introducing innovations:
Introducing regulations for the types of information uploadable to the aircraft. Set of messages defined in the HMI project (EATCHIP PHASE III Human Machine Interface) gives us a clear guideline for the selection of the appropriate information.
Clarification of the status of the safelet in the process of making the decision by the pilot (information only, advice, strong advice, direct instruction from the control tower, etc.).
Security mechanism for authentication of the safelets should be built in order to avoid hazards of the Trojan Horse.
Finally, building infrastructure for uploading of safelets. This can be done gradually starting from pilot-project zones and extending experience worldwide.
-
vehicle
stealthy
uploadable
tolerate
graceful
degradation
fault
manifestation
proprietary
control contour
транспортний засіб
прихований
up|load|able здатний завантажуватись
терпіти, переносити
тут: добрий, належний
зменшення
помилка
виявлення
відповідний до бренду, приватний
тут: елементи/схеми керування
Exercise 2. Answer the following questions.
Why it is extremely important to standardize in some way on-board hardware and software equipment?
Which format of information is the most acceptable for the pilot during flight?
When and why there is a need of additional information to be delivered to the pilot of airplane?
What are safelets?
Explain which two possibilities exist of delivering of additional information to pilot during flight.
Which problems still hamper wide implementation of new types of uploadable information? What are the ways of solution of the problems?
Explain the importance of strong procedure of authentication of new uploadable programs.
Exercise 3. Discuss with your classmates the main ideas of the text.
ГРАМАТИЧНІ ВПРАВИ
Reviewing English word formation (Module 4, Lesson 12)
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences transforming the words in parentheses.
Physicists are reluctant to picture electrons as actually spinning because quantum theory indicates that it is (possibility) _____________ to prove such motion by experiment.
Because the speed of (rotate) __________ controls the flow of current in the armature, special devices must be used for starting DC motors.
The advancement of science requires the sharing of (know) __________ between individuals, even though doing so may sometimes entail foregoing some immediate personal advantage.
Even a common system of units does not guarantee measurement (agree) ______________, however.
We must make measurements, and we must know how accurately (or, to be more correct, with what (uncertain) _____________) we made those measurements.
In 1821 Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, in a report to Congress, advocated the (adopt) ____________ of the metric system.
The signs and symptoms of electric shock include tingling, burns on the skin where the current entered or exited, muscle pain, headache, loss of consciousness, (regular) ____________ breathing or lack of breathing, and cardiac arrest.
Exercise 2. Give antonyms for the following words.
Tasty, mobile, useful, correct, perfect, able, charged, apply, appropriate, applicable, rational, practical, adequate.
Комунікативна практика
Прощання
Як і в українській мові, існує декілька стандартних фраз, що кажуть на прощання. Коли прощання нетривале, звичайно кажуть:
Goodbye!
Bye for now!
See you (later, next week, tomorrow, etc.)!
Have a good weekend.
Bye… (Bye-bye..) (Usually with friends or relatives.)
Майте на увазі, що якщо прощається декілька осіб, слово “goodbye” може використовуватись у множині:
We’ve come to say our goodbyes.
Якщо ви спеціально прийшли, щоб попрощатись (у зв’язку із закінченням навчання, збираючись у довгу подорож, тощо), використовуються інші формальні та неформальні фрази:
Thanks for everything!
It’s been really nice knowing you.
I’m really going to miss you.
Як і в Україні, прощаючись, додають добрі побажання, вітання, просять повідомити про те, як дістались до місця призначення:
All the best.
Please give my best regards to Mr. …
Good luck with you…
Take care! (Have a care!)
Don’t forget to give me a call (ring)!
Exercise. Work with your classmate. Say him/her goodbye following the patterns above.
Вправи для самостійної роботи
Exercise 1. Make sentences with the following words:
enemy, facility, foreseeable, graceful, recovery, safelet, tolerate, stealth.
Exercise 2. Make short headlines for paragraphs of the text.
Exercise 3. Translate the following into English.
У складних випадках пілот нездатний забезпечити належне відновлення системи після збою.
У комп’ютерній промисловості вже є приклад стандартизації програмного забезпечення: стандарт PostScript використовується в багатьох принтерах.
Оскільки “сейфлети” є типом комп’ютерних вірусів, завжди є небезпека, що вони не є автентичними, тобто відправляються чи безвідповідальними “жартівниками”, чи, у випадку з військовими літаками, навіть ворогом.
Таким чином, потрібно досліджувати відповідні технології, щоби створити таємні мобільні програми, що використовують “сейфлети”.
Для усунення небезпеки “троянських коней” треба створити безпечну технологію автентифікації “сейфлетів”.
Побудова інфраструктури для застосування нових програмних засобів може здійснюватись поступово, розпочинаючи з дослідницьких зон.
Інформація, що доставляється “сейфлетами”, може бути статичною (креслення або карти), або динамічною (карта польотів у сегменті, де ситуація постійно змінюється).
Exercise 4. Rewrite the sentences using the word in italics in a different word class.
Example: We discussed secure policy of our company.
We had a long discussion about secure policy of our company.
How confident is the firewall on your system?
What is the __________________________________?
We had a lot of difficulty in solving our problem.
It was ______________________________________.
My computer’s behavior is very strange after uploading a new program.
My computer ________________________________.
He gave me some advice which protection devices to use.
He ________________________________________.
There are a lot of vulnerable points in our system at the moment.
There are ___________________________________.
I felt that there was someone snooping in our database.
I had _______________________________________.
He said that it is extremely dangerous to use unprotected modem.
He told us about ______________________________.
Lesson 8
Підготовка до модульної контрольної роботи
Revision of topics discussed in lessons 1-7. Every students of the group makes a report devoted to contemporary aircraft navigation equipment: its history, present status and prospects for the future.
Вправи для самостійної роботи
The following exercises are typical for tasks that could be offered to students during module test.
Exercise 1. Translate the text in written.
Today sea captains can guide their ships safely through a crowded harbor in dense fog, and pilots can land their planes through a thick overcast. An electronic system called radar makes this possible.
A radar unit can pierce darkness and weather conditions in which human eyesight is obstructed. Within its range it can show an observer ships, planes, storm clouds, small islands, coastlines, and prominent landmarks. It can also be used to measure the distance to an object and the speed at which the object is moving toward or away from the observer.
Radar was developed from the work of many scientists. Discoveries made by Heinrich Hertz, Karl F. Braun, and Christian Hulsmeyer of Germany, Guglielmo Marconi of Italy, and Lee De Forest of the United States laid some of the foundations. Robert Watson-Watt of Scotland patented a radar system in 1935. British and American scientists, working together, perfected radar during World War II.
Radar uses electromagnetic waves—usually short-wavelength waves called microwaves. These waves bounce back from solid objects in their path, the way sound waves bounce back from an object and produce an echo. Scientists learned to use reflected microwaves for detection and measurement.
Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks using the terms of module 8.
Low frequency radar is equipped with a high-powered ___________ and a large _________ searches the airspace for all aircraft, both friend and foe.
__________ is what radar users call radar signals that do not come from actual targets.
__________ is considered an active interference source, since it is initiated by elements outside the radar and in general unrelated to the radar signals.
The ________ sends radar signals out as electromagnetic radiation.
________ reckoning is navigation without stellar (or any other outer objects like prominent landmarks) observation.
The _________ system is based on satellites in a continuous grid surrounding the Earth, each equipped with an atomic clock set to Greenwich, England.
Exercise 3. Explain the terms below with other words.
Gyroscope, altimeter, radar, transponder, VOR, jamming, clutter.
Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences into English.
Якби ви прийшли трохи раніше, ви зустрілися б з ним.
Мені знадобилось багато часу, щоби перекласти цей текст.
Ми будемо там о сьомій, якщо поїзд не запізниться.
Якщо ти раптово зустрінеш його, повідом його про зміни у розкладі.
Якби вона насправді любила його, вона би ніколи не сказала цього.
Я був би дуже вдячний, якщо б ви повідомили мені про моделі, що з’явились на ринку цього року.
На вашому місці я вийшов би трохи раніше.
Exercise 5. Complete the sentence with an appropriate ending.
If the computer detects that two aircraft might come too close to each other or that one aircraft might descend to an inappropriately low altitude, the controller …
When the planned flight time is up, the estimate should be visible from the cockpit if the route …
If wind velocity and direction are unknown or incorrectly known, then the aircraft …
The pilot can turn on the autopilot unless …
Satellite navigation provides adequate accuracy for in-flight navigation, but will need to be improved if …
In the nearest future automatic landing would be possible providing …
Exercise 6. Rewrite the sentences so each of them has a similar meaning to the original one. Use the word at the beginning.
1) wish
I’m sorry I forgot about my promise.
______________________________________
I shouldn’t agree to his offer.
______________________________________
2) If only
I regret doing that.
_______________________________________
I’m really sorry we won’t come to your birthday.
_______________________________________
3) should
Why weren’t you following all my directions?
_______________________________________
It’s a pity you didn’t work harder for the exam.
_______________________________________
4) ‘d rather
I don’t want you to tell her.
_______________________________________
I regret not lying on a beach in the Crimea, but sitting at the dull office._______________________________
Exercise 7. Rewrite the sentences omitting conjunctions.
If I had time, I should study Japanese.
The accident might not have occurred if they had been more careful.
If he were here, he would help us.
If I had seen him yesterday, I should have given him that letter.
If she should come, ask her yourself.
If I had enough money, I would travel.
You really should use this program. If you used it, you could finish the work in half the time.
Exercise 8. Complete the sentences with appropriate auxiliary verbs.
Example: I wish our teacher wouldn’t give us extra exercises, but she does .
I wish I got better grades, but I ______
If only I could fly, but I ______
I should have listened to your advice, but I _______
I wish the rain would stop, but it ______
If only I were a king, but I _____
I wish you won’t take my pen, but you _______
If only I hadn’t been asked about it, but I _______
Exercise 9. Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets in appropriate form (finite or non-finite). Add auxiliary verb if necessary.
The most (to develop) _________ GPS system that (to be) _________ in use since 1995 officially (to name) __________ NAVSTAR GPS (Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System).
In the early days of aviation pilots (to watch) _________ the horizon (to make) __________ sure they (to fly) ________ with the aircraft's nose and wings in the proper position relative to the ground, (to call) __________ attitude.
Historically, the military (to play) __________ the leading role in the use and development of radar.
The detection and interception of (to oppose) _______ military aircraft in air defense (to be) __________ the predominant military use of radar.
Sperry's device could detect forces that upset the gyroscope's stable spin, then (to activate) ___________ the aircraft controls (to maintain) _________ proper attitude while (to fly) _______ when visible flight was not possible.
Pilots and controllers (to communicate) _________ using both voice and data transmitting radios, with controllers (to rely) ________ on radar (to track) ________ to keep aircraft on course.
The ADF indicator (to have) a compass rose and an (to indicate) __________ needle.