Module 8. Information and measurement systems in aviation

Lesson 1

ВИВЧЕННЯ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЇ ЗА ТЕМОЮ МОДУЛЯ

Exercise 1. Listen as you read the text. Find out the meaning of the words you don’t understand.

Flight instruments

Early pilots looked out of their open cockpits for roads, rail lines, and airports to find their way in daytime flight. Pilots watched the horizon to make sure they were flying with the aircraft's nose and wings in the proper position relative to the ground, called attitude. Simple equipment to help pilots maintain attitude was introduced during the 1920s. These devices included such ideas as a bubble of liquid to help keep wings level and a device that measured pressure at different heights, called an altimeter, that told a pilot his altitude above ground level. A simple magnetic compass for direction was installed either in the cockpit panel or held in the pilot's hand.

In 1929, Lawrence Sperry and his Gyroscope Company introduced important new technology—the Artificial Horizon—that operated on gyroscopic principles. With its sensitive attachments, Sperry's device could detect forces that upset the gyroscope's stable spin, then would activate the aircraft controls to maintain proper attitude while flying when visible flight was not possible.

In the 1930s, new mechanical aids emerged, some based on Sperry's gyroscope and others based on the rush of air through intakes under the wing or the aircraft belly to measure speed and altitude. Navigation information was displayed on a group of instruments called the basic or primary six, which included the attitude indicator, a vertical speed indicator showing the rate of climb and descent, airspeed indicator, turn-and-bank coordinator, a heading indicator showing the magnetic compass course, and the altimeter. These instruments are still used (Fig. 82).

Refined versions of Sperry's invention appear in 2001 as the Inertial Navigation System (INS) and the Inertial Guidance System (IGS). These systems measure changes in the aircraft's location and attitude that have taken place since the aircraft left the ground. These new devices include an accelerometer to detect changes in airspeed as well as attitude. By determining the precise latitude and longitude before flight, then tracking every change in location, the INS or IGS tells the pilot where he has flown.

Fig. 82. Flight deck of modern aircraft

attitude relative maintain bubble level (noun) level (adj.) altitude gyroscope spin (noun)

положення стосовно підтримувати, зберігати бульбашка рівень горизонтально висота гіроскоп обертання

emerge intake belly turn-and-bank coordinator refined accelerometer latitude longitude

з'являтися усмоктувальний пристрій корпус (фюзеляж) координатор повороту та нахилу вдосконалений акселерометр широта довгота

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

1. What navigation instruments were in use in the early days?

2. What early navigation tools are still used?

3. Why accurate information of airplane’s attitude is so important?

4. Describe the working principles of the Artificial Horizon.

5. What instruments are necessary during blind flying?

6. What is used to evaluate changes of airplane’s height above the ground level?

7. Explain the acronyms INS and GNS.

Exercise 3. Give synonyms to the following words:

attitude, height, accurate, airplane, instrument, information, change, flight deck, steady, input, emerge, ball, whirligig, spinning wheel.

ГРАМАТИЧНІ ВПРАВИ

Reviewing clauses of contrast (Module 4, Lesson 4)

Exercise 1. Translate the sentences explaining the ways to show the contrast.

1. While this method of navigation is no longer considered primary in aircraft, automobiles, rail engines, and construction site engines (tunnels), it is still often used as a backup in case of failure of the electronic navigation systems.

2. A parallel circuit offers more than one branch (path) for the electric current, whereas a series circuit has only one path for all the current.

3. Whereas the analog instruments described earlier have mechanically moving parts, a digital readout instrument is entirely electronic with no moving parts.

4. However, as more accurate instruments became available so the 'exactness' of the standard was called into question.

5. Although now officially declared as wrong to use, the term resolution still finds its way into books and reports as meaning discrimination.

6. Jamming is problematic to radar since the jamming signal only needs to travel one-way (from the jammer to the radar receiver) whereas the radar echoes travel two-ways (radar-target-radar) and are therefore significantly reduced in power by the time they return to the radar receiver.

7. Looking at this in another way, a value of 8 would mean that the measurement has been made with a precision of 1 (the measuring instrument was able to measure only down to 1s place) whereas a value of 8.0 (though mathematically equal to 8) would mean that the value at the first significant place was measured and was found to be zero.

8. Scientists discovered, however, that the rotation of the earth was not constant enough to serve as the basis of the time standard.

9. There is one example of this in the computer industry where the PostScript format is used by many printers in order to produce pictures while printers are built using different microprocessors.

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with your own words. Add commas if need be.

1. I got an “A” on the test even though ______________________

_____________.

2. Although I still trust her _______________________________.

3. I was ill but I _______________________________ anyway.

4. It’s still cold here even though __________________________.

5. I’m not hungry but ____________________________ anyway.

Комунікативна практика

Giving examples

When the main aim of a speech is to inform about a subject, the speaker will often use examples, either to explain a point or to illustrate an idea or argument. When giving examples, it is important to differentiate between the idea itself and the illustration of the idea.

Some expressions for introducing examples are shown in the table below.

for example (e.g.)	examples of	shown by
for instance	instances of	exemplifies
an example (of this)	cases of	shows
as an example	illustrations of	illustrates
such as	exemplified by	a second/third example,
like	illustrated by	etc.
including	seen in

Examples:

1. Office workers use many computer applications such as word processing, spreadsheets, and databases.

2. Computers have made radical changes in preparing income tax returns. For example, in some countries you can now send your income tax return on disk.

Exercise 1. The list below is made up of five groups of words, consisting of five main categories and examples of each category. Find the word groups and then show the relationship between the groups of words. Use a different marker for each sentence.

trackball mainframe microcomputer network configuration programming language mouse input device

bus output device printer APL COBOL stylus

PC star VDU C ring computer

Example: Ring, bus, and star are all examples of network configurations.

Вправи для самостійної роботи

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with appropriate words.

1. ________ solely by reference to landmarks is called pilotage.

2. Sperry's device could detect forces that upset the ________ stable spin.

3. Because air navigation is concerned with direction and distance, the pilot must have ___________ for measuring these factors.

4. The gyro horizon, or _________ horizon, helps the pilot keep the wings of the aircraft level and the nose fixed in relation to the horizon.

5. The rate-of-climb, or ___________, indicator shows the rate of ascent or descent in thousands of feet per minute.

6. The directional gyro holds its compass card steady with a gyroscope. It does not seek _______ but must be set with a knob to agree with the magnetic compass.

7. We have a plenty of paper, so you (not) _________ buy any more.

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences using your own words.

Example. He can't leave her unless …(…he knows she's all right.)

1. I’ll go to the party only if …

2. I never work at the weekend unless…

3. Providing that all our work is completed …

4. … unless my teacher says I shouldn’t.

5. …except in an emergency.

6. I usually call my friend if …

7. I’m playing tennis tomorrow as long as …

8. Unless he didn’t read our note …

9. …provided you have enough money.

10. … if he doesn’t ask you.

Exercise 2. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Якщо пілот не був впевнений у показниках навігаційних приладів, він зазвичай орієнтувався за місцевими орієнтирами.

2. Гіроскоп зберігає своє положення у просторі, навіть якщо літак маневрує.

3. Якщо швидкість літака зростає, тиск повітря в усмоктувальному пристрої також зростає.

4. Якщо зовнішні сили, спричиненні маневром літака, діють на чутливу підвіску пристрою Сперрі, це вливає на стале обертання гіроскопу.

5. Коли у мене був вільний час, я зазвичай дивився з друзями нові фільми.

Lesson 2

ВИВЧЕННЯ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЇ ЗА ТЕМОЮ МОДУЛЯ

Exercise 1. Listen as you read the text. Find out the meaning of the words you don’t understand. Then answer the questions.

History of radio navigation

Radio navigation aids were developed around the same time as mechanical aids. The earliest radio navigation aid was the four-course radio range, which began in 1929. Four towers set in a square transmitted the letters A and N in Morse code. A pilot flying along one of the four beams toward the square would hear only an A or N in the dashes and dots of the code. The dashes and dots grew louder or more faint as he flew, depending if he was flying toward or away from one of the corners (Fig. 83). Turning right or left, he would soon hear a different letter being transmitted, telling him which quadrant he had entered.

The beams flared out, so that at certain points they overlapped. Where the A or N signals meshed, the Morse code dashes and dots sounded a steady hum, painting an audio roadway for the pilot. Unfortunately, mountains, mineral deposits, railroad tracks, and even the atmospheric disturbance of the setting sun could distort the signals.

Fig. 83. Low-frequency four-course antennas were introduced in 1920s

Until World War II, radio navigation relied on low frequencies similar to those of an AM radio. Devices such as the automatic direction finder and the non-directional beacon, like the 1920s system before them, used Morse code, and the detection of weaker to stronger volume let a pilot know if he was on course. After the war, higher frequency transmitters, called the very high frequency omni-directional radio range or VOR, further refined the early concept of allowing pilots to fly inbound or outbound along a certain quadrant on a line called a radial. These transmitter locations, their frequencies and identifying Morse codes are all printed on navigation charts. The various radio-based systems are sufficient for navigating between airports but are called non-precision aids because they are not accurate enough and do not provide enough information to allow a pilot to land.

Before World War II, the Civil Aeronautics Administration relied on pilots to radio their position relative to known navigation landmarks to keep the aircraft safely separated. During the war, radio detection and ranging (RADAR) was tested. Radar's primary intent was, and still is, to keep airplanes separated, not to guide them to a specific point.

Today's aircraft are tracked as computer-generated icons wandering across radar display screens, with their positions, altitude, and airspeed updated every few seconds. Pilots and controllers communicate using both voice and data transmitting radios, with controllers relying on radar tracking to keep aircraft on course. Today, cockpit navigation information is increasingly displayed on a monitor, but the position of information and its format are nearly identical to the basic six instruments of early and simpler aircraft.

So modern aviation navigation involves more than knowing airplane’s starting and ending point. A pilot needs to know the flight characteristics and specifications of the aircraft, and needs to be able to read an aeronautical chart, plot a course and follow that course.

aids range four-course range beam dots and dashes to overlap radial to rely on omni-directional in-(out)bound navigation chart controller to plot

допоміжні засоби відстань, діапазон, зона чотирикутна зона промінь крапки і тире (азбуки Морзе) перекривати радіальний покладатися на, використовувати не спрямований у визначеному напрямку той що прибуває (відправляється) навігаційна карта диспетчер наносити на карту

1. What are advantages and disadvantages of radio navigation in relation to mechanical aids?

2. What does the word ‘radar’ mean?

3. How important are computerized aids in modern aviation?

4. What can distort radio signal?

5. Who and when invented the first radio aids?

6. Why use of mobile phones is strictly prohibited on board of modern aircraft?

Exercise 2. Insert in appropriate form the words the best suited to the sentences using the list below. Each of words in the list is used only once. Then listen and check your guesses.

Today there are many radio navigation aids and instruments on ________ almost every plane. These complicated _________ are designed to help pilots find their way accurately. The very high frequency ___________ range (VOR) transmits radio signals, or radials, in all directions like spokes of a wheel. The automatic direction _______ (ADF) has a loop antenna that swings toward the ground-based radio station. The instrument ________ system (ILS) guides an airplane toward a runway by using radio transmitters.

Another electronic navigational aid is radar. Airborne radar can send out ________ that explore the terrain in order to provide a maplike picture of the terrain. This radar also serves as a means of avoiding ___________ with mountains and of locating storms. Distance-measuring __________ (DME) is a radarlike device that tells the pilot how far the plane is from a station. The course line computer is an airborne electronic "brain" that continually ________ an airplane's position. The Doppler navigation system utilizes radar and the Doppler effect for long-range ___________.

equipment, navigation, signal, fix, landing, finder, omnidirectional, device, board, collision

ГРАМАТИЧНІ ВПРАВИ

Reviewing clauses of real condition (Module 4, Lessons 5-6)

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with appropriate ending.

1. You can’t enter the room unless …

2. He’ll phone you if…

3. Take two pens in case …

4. If he isn’t in, …

5. If it snows, …

Exercise 2. Correct mistakes in the following sentences.

1. Unless the crime problem is going to improve, we’re going to move out of this neighborhood.

2. Are people going recycle more if the city charges them for garbage pickup.

3. Where will Bob live if his landlord will sell the apartment house?

4. You’ll be late for work unless you left right now.

5. Through mathematical substitution, a standard formula can be established for determining the required resistance of any meter shunt, providing the current through the shunt will be known.

6. He stays in touch by phone if he goes camping on his vacations next month.

7. In order to do so, packers are free to use whatever quantity control and checking procedures they wish, provided they will be sufficiently rigorous to ensure compliance with the rules.

Вправи для самостійної роботи

Exercise 1. Translate the text from pages 459-460 into Ukrainian (Russian).

Exercise 2. Translate the sentences into your home language paying special attention to the meaning of the word number.

1. They wrote various numbers on a large sheet of paper.

2. A million pounds seemed a suitably round number.

3. 1, 3, 5, 7, etc. are odd numbers, 2, 4, 6, etc. are even ones.

4. I gave him my home number.

5. Answer question number 3.

6. The number of cars on our roads rose dramatically last year.

7. I was reading the latest number of 'Nature'.

8. There is a number of books on English grammar available at this library.

9. Madonna sang several numbers from her latest album.

10. Only three of our number could speak Italian.

Exercise 3. Make sentences with the given possibilities using conjunction ‘if’.

Example. I may be late because of the traffic jam.

• If I’m late, not wait for me.

• If I should be late, you may start on time.

• If I were late, don’t worry, it might be because of the traffic jam.

  1. We might have some free time tomorrow.

  2. Maybe it will rain tomorrow.

  3. I will probably too tired tonight.

  4. People might continue to pollute environment.

  5. Prices on new hardware may fall.

Lesson 3

ВИВЧЕННЯ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЇ ЗА ТЕМОЮ МОДУЛЯ

Exercise 1. First listen to the text. Then answer the questions.

Satellite navigation

New technologies have led to a debate as to whether the federal government, using fixed electronic stations, or the pilots should control navigation like in the earliest days. The global positioning system (GPS) is one technology that allows pilots to accurately determine their position anywhere on the Earth within seconds, raising the question whether they need any help from the ground.

GPS is becoming the primary means of navigation worldwide. The system is based on satellites in a continuous grid surrounding the Earth, each equipped with an atomic clock set to Greenwich, England (so called Universal Time Coordinated, UTC). The UTC time zone is often denoted by the letter Z—a reference to the equivalent nautical time zone (GMT). Since the NATO phonetic alphabet and amateur radio word for Z is “Zulu”, UT is sometimes known as Zulu time.

The GPS units in the aircraft, or even in a pilot's hand, find at least the nearest two satellite signals. The time it takes for the signals to travel creates a precise triangle between the two satellites and the aircraft, telling the pilot his latitude and longitude to within one meter or a little more than one yard. The most developed GPS system that has been in use since 1995 is officially named NAVSTAR GPS (Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System). Other countries including Russia, European Community and China are also developing their own GPS systems (GLONASS, Fig. 84, Galileo, Beidou, etc.). In coming years, these systems will be made even more precise using a GPS ground unit at runway ends.

D espite these advances, pilots can still crash because they get lost or lose track of hazards at night or in bad weather. On December 29, 1970, the Occupational Safety and Health Act came into effect. It requires most civilian aircraft to carry an emergency locater transmitter (ELT). The ELT becomes active when a pilot tunes to an emergency radio frequency or activates automatically when the aircraft exceeds a certain force in landing, called the g-force, during a crash. This form of navigation aid, which transmits signals to satellites overhead, saves lives of injured pilots and crew who are unable to call for help themselves.

Fig. 84. The Glonass satellite.

fixed to determine grid nautical

стаціонарний визначати решітка морський

to tune force occupational exceed

налаштовувати навантаження виробничий перевищувати

1. How does GPS system determine the position of a user?

2. What do you think about minimal number of satellites used in positioning system?

3. What countries can afford to develop own positioning systems?

4. Why clock synchronization is so important while working with GPS?

5. What is ELT and how does it work?

6. How exact are measurements made with GPS?

7. Why do scientists and engineers are working on further improvement of GPS? Which practical applications of this system may require more precise measurements than ever before?

Exercise 2. Decide whether the following statements are true or false in relation to the information in the text in the Exercise 1. If you think the statement is false, change to make it true.

1. Any GPS systems needs lots of satellites.

2. Nowadays any airplane is equipped with ELT.

3. GPS provides users with accurate information about their position and velocity, as well as the time, anywhere in the world and in all weather conditions.

4. GPS satellites carry expensive Swiss watches that provide extremely accurate time.

5. GPS service came into widespread use just after the World War II.

ГРАМАТИЧНІ ВПРАВИ

Reviewing clauses of unreal condition (Module 4, Lessons 7-8)

Exercise 1. Correct mistakes.

1. If I have more time I would read more.

2. I would wish for world peace, if I have just one wish.

3. Could you had went if you had had enough time?

4. What will you do if you caught a magic fish?

5. If I was you I wouldn’t throw the fish back.

6. If you had told him about the problem he could helped you.

7. If you were parents will you read fairy tales for your child?

8. What would you do, when you found $500 in the street?

9. If I don’t have classes today I’d stay home and read.

10. If you hadn’t told me I wouldn’t of known.

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses.

1. If you (have) ____________ enough money, I would have gone with you.

2. I wouldn’t go with you unless you (have) ____________ enough money.

3. I’m going to visit her providing she (be) ___________ at home tomorrow.

4. Ann wasn’t at home yesterday. If she (be) ___________, I (visit) _________________ her.

5. If Nick (not, ask) _____________ my permission before he took my car, I (be) ______________ angry.

Комунікативна практика

Privacy of intellectual property

Read the following principles and check whether you agree or disagree. Then discuss your answers with the rest of the class.

1. All knowledge and scientific information should be shared.

2. Personal privacy should always be respected.

3. Personal property should always be respected.

4. Curiosity and the search for knowledge is the most important part of being a scientist.

Sometimes these values/principles conflict. Then you have to decide:

Is one value always more important than another? - Are these certain situations when one value might he more important than another?

Exercise 1. Evaluate each of the following situations. Decide which values/principles are involved in your decision. Discuss them with the whole class.

1. It’s OK to go into anyone’s system without permission if you don’t destroy information.

2. It’s OK to go into anyone’s computer system and play tricks if you don’t destroy information.

3. It’s OK to go into government’s system, without permission, and read other people’s personal income tax records.

4. It’s OK to go into the system of the bank, without permission, and read personal financial credit information and bank accounts.

5. It’s OK to go into the system of a hospital, without permission, and read the list of patients with AIDS.

6. It’s Ok to go into research laboratory system without permission and explore. Only one part of the system is used to control radiation for treating brain tumors.

7. It’s OK to try to go into any system, without permission. It helps test our systems and find out where the security problems are.

8. It’s OK to go into any scientist’s system, without permission, and look at all research data because knowledge should be shared by everyone.

9. It’s OK to go into a person’s system without permission if that person is working on the same kind of research that I am. It will help me beat the other person.

10. It’s OK to go into any computer system, without permission, because it helps a computer technician improve his/her techniques.

11. It’s OK to go into any system, without permission, and plant a virus that will shut down the system on March 15. It will start again on March 16.

12. It’s OK to contact a colleague by computer and ask that person to send you some research data. (Maybe the colleague will send the data; maybe not.)

13. It’s OK to go into a system, without permission, and plant a virus that will destroy the operating system software. You just want to test your virus to see if it will work. It’s a scientific experiment.

14. It’s OK to go into a library system, without permission, and plant a virus that will change the catalogue numbers on all book entries. No one will get hurt. They’re just books. And it shows how smart I am.

Вправи для самостійної роботи

Exercise 1. Translate the following text in written into Ukrainian (Russian).

GPS determines location by computing the difference between the time that a signal is sent and the time it is received. GPS satellites carry atomic clocks that provide extremely accurate time. The time information is placed in the codes broadcast by the satellite so that a receiver can continuously determine the time the signal was broadcast. The signal contains data that a receiver uses to compute the locations of the satellites and to make other adjustments needed for accurate positioning. The receiver uses the time difference between the time of signal reception and the broadcast time to compute the distance, or range, from the receiver to the satellite. The receiver must account for propagation delays, or decreases in the signal's speed caused by the ionosphere and the troposphere. With information about the ranges to three satellites and the location of the satellite when the signal was sent, the receiver can compute its own three-dimensional position.

An atomic clock synchronized to GPS is required in order to compute ranges from these three signals. However, by taking a measurement from a fourth satellite, the receiver avoids the need for an atomic clock. Thus, the receiver uses four satellites to compute latitude, longitude, altitude, and time.

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with the verbs in parenthesis.

1. I have to work this afternoon, but if I (have, not) __________ , I (visit) _________ the exhibition.

2. Hydrogen is far lighter than air. If it (be, not) _________, a balloon wouldn’t float upward.

3. I called my mother to tell her I would be late. If I (call, not) _________, she (get worried) ____________ about me.

4. What (you, use) _______________ to look at yourselves when you comb your hair if you (have, not) any mirror?

5. It’s been raining hard for over a month. If it (stop, not) _____________, a lot of crops (die) ____________.

6. I am not a good cook, but if I (be) ________, I (prepare) __________ my own cake yesterday.

Exercise 3. Make your own conditionals of different types (real, unreal for the future, unreal for the past, mixed).

Lesson 4

ВИВЧЕННЯ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЇ ЗА ТЕМОЮ МОДУЛЯ

Dead Reckoning

"Dead" Reckoning (or "Ded" for Deduced Reckoning) is another basic navigational method used by low speed, small airplane pilots. Dead reckoning is navigation without stellar (or any other outer objects like prominent landmarks) observation. With observation, you are "live", working with the stars and the movement of the planet. With logs, compasses, clocks, but no sky, you are working "dead". While this method of navigation is no longer considered primary in aircraft, automobiles, rail engines, and construction site engines (tunnels), it is still often used as a backup in case of failure of the electronic navigation systems. Dead reckoning is based on mathematical calculations to plot a course using the elements of a course line, airspeed, course, heading and elapsed time. During this process pilots make use of a flight computer. Manual or electronic flight computers are used to calculate time-speed-distance measurements, fuel consumption, density altitude and many other en route data necessary for navigation.

The estimated time en route (ETE) can be calculated using the flight distance, the airspeed and direction to be flown. If the route is flown at the airspeed planned, when the planned flight time is up, the estimate should be visible from the cockpit. Navigating using known measured and recorded times, distances, directions and speeds makes it possible for positions or "fixes" to be calculated or solved graphically. A "fix" is a position in the sky reached by an aircraft following a specific route. Pilots flying the exact same route regularly can compute the flight time needed to fly from one fix to the next. If the pilot reaches that fix at the calculated time, then the pilot knows the aircraft is on course. The positions or "fixes" are based on the latest known or calculated positions. Direction is measured by a compass or gyro-compass. Time is measured on-board by the best means possible. And speed is either calculated or measured using on-board equipment.

Navigating now by dead reckoning would be used only as a last resort, or to check whether another means of navigation is functioning properly. There are navigation problems associated with dead reckoning. For example, errors build upon errors. So if wind velocity and direction are unknown or incorrectly known, then the aircraft will slowly be blown off course. This means that the next fix is only as good as the last fix.

dead reckoning log stellar prominent elapsed en route estimate a last resort to blow fix

calculating the position of an aircraft (or ship) without using the sun, moon, or stars лаг (навігаційний пристрій) зоряний яскравий, видатний минулий на маршруті оцінювати останній засіб дути показання (приладу)

Exercise 1. Use these words and their combinations in the sentences of your own:

navigation, landmark, dead reckoning, elapsed time, distance, direction, solution (of the problem), en route, gyro-compass.

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences.

1. When observing the celestial bodies the pilot is ‘_______’ in contrast to use navigational tools when he is ‘_______’.

2. Dead reckoning is based ...

3. The main problem associated with dead reckoning is …

4. If the route is flown at the airspeed planned, when the planned flight time is up …

5. The aircraft will slowly be blown off course if …

6. Nowadays flights by dead reckoning are used …

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences with the words from the box. Be careful, one of the words can be used either as verb or adjective.

1. These measurements must be _______ as soon as possible.

2. The data obtained are not ________ because the measurements have not __________ yet.

3. Any decision in favour of change the course has to be _______ with the ability and the confidence to change.

4. They carry on their research in the _______ fields of engineering.

5. There _________ to be a great difference between these two problems.

6. Something ________ on the horizon.

7. The new knowledge _________ to broaden our horizons.

ally complete appear

ГРАМАТИЧНІ ВПРАВИ

Reviewing inverted and implied conditionals (Module 4, Lessons 8-9)

Exercise 1. Make sentences with the same meaning by omitting if.

1. I would have left a bigger tip at lunch yesterday if the waiter had been more polite.

2. What could Nick have done if he had been there?

3. If there should be a nuclear war, life on earth would end forever.

4. If anyone should call, please take a message.

5. If I were you, I wouldn’t have done that.

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with your own words.

1. I would have ______________, but I didn’t know about it.

2. I have to leave one half earlier. Otherwise ________________.

3. Without oxygen, all life on earth would ___________________.

4. I would ______________________, but I don’t have enough time.

5. I could__________________, but I don’t want to.

Комунікативна практика

Identify the occupation of each computer user. Prove your opinion.

1. I write music mainly for videos and plays. I work on a keyboard connected to a computer. I use the computer in two ways really: first of all, to record what I play on the keyboard, in other words to store what I play on the keyboard. Secondly, the computer controls the sounds I can make with the different synthesizers I have here. I can use it to get different kinds of sounds from the synthesizers. The computer is the link between the keyboard which I play and the synthesizers which produce the sounds.

2. I use my computer to do the usual office things like write memos, letters, faxes and so on, but the thing which I find really useful is electronic mail. We’re an international company and we have offices all over the world. We’re linked up to all of them by e-mail. With e-mail I can communicate with the offices around the world very efficiently. It’s really changed my life.

3. Well, I use computers for almost every aspect of my job. I use them to design electrical installations and lighting systems: for example the program will tell you how much lighting you need for a particular room, or how much cable you need, and it will show where the cable should go. I also use the computer to make drawing and to keep records. We have to rest our installations every five years and the information is stored on computer.

4. I use computers to find information for people. Readers come in with a lot of queries and I use either our own database or the national database that we’re connected to find what they want. They might want to know the name and address of a particular society, or last year’s accounts of a company and we can find that out for them. Or they might want to find a particular newspaper article but they don’t know the exact date it was published so we can find it for them by checking on our online database for anything they can remember: a name or the general topic. And we use computers to catalogue the books in the library and to record the books that readers borrow.

5. I use my computer to control machinery, robots, production lines, lists of products, etc. By using computer-aided manufacturing software, I can simulate and test designs before parts are actually produced.

6. Database programs are used to keep records of patient and medical personnel. Computers, monitors and scanners held doctors diagnose cancer and other illnesses. Electronic instruments and robots are used in surgery.

Вправи для самостійної роботи

Exercise 1. Translate the text ‘Dead Reckoning’ into Ukrainian (Russian). Be ready to discuss its contents.

Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences into English referring to the exercise 3 on pp. 471-472.

1. Це дослідження ще не завершене.

2. Авіація та космонавтика є суміжними дисциплінами.

3. Де ця робота з’явилась вперше?

4. Мені здається, що я Вас вже зустрічав.

5. Робота кожного вченого пов’язана з експериментами.

6. Повне зібрання його творів (edition) готується до видання (to publish).

7. Результати досліджень є, напевно, надійними (to be reliable).

Exercise 3. Be ready to discuss the following questions. Use different forms of conditionals you have learned.

1. What is something you can’t do, but you want you could do?

2. Would you like to be someplace right now? What could you do there?

3. What is something you don’t have but you want to have?

4. What is something that happened yesterday, but you wish had not happened?

5. What is something you were unable to do yesterday, but you really wanted to do?

Lesson 5

ВИВЧЕННЯ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЇ ЗА ТЕМОЮ МОДУЛЯ

Exercise 1. Skim during 5-7 minutes the text below and answer the questions about it content.

Radio navigation provides the pilot with position information from ground stations located worldwide. There are several systems offering various levels of capability with features such as course correction information, automatic direction finder and distance measuring.

Most aircraft now are equipped with some type of radio navigation equipment. Almost all flights whether cross-country or "around the patch" use radio navigation equipment in some way as a primary or secondary navigation aid.

Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)

A DF is the oldest radio navigation system still in use. ADF uses Non-Directional Beacons (NDBs) that are simply AM-radio transmitters operating in the Low and Middle Frequency (L/MF) Band from 190 to 535 kHz. These frequencies are below the standard broadcast band. All ADFs can also home in on AM broadcast stations. Pilots can listen to the radio and navigate also. The ADF indicator has a compass rose and an indicating needle (Fig. 85).

T

Fig. 85. ADF Display

he needle automatically points to the station. "Homing" means following the needle. ADFs have a "HDG" knob where the pilot can dial in the aircraft heading.