Грамматические трудности.

1. Present Continuous и Present Perfect (Active Voice, Passive Voice)

2. Text A “How does economy develop?”

Рассмотрим ещё две группы форм страдательного залога:

Continuous Passive и Present Passive.

I Образование времён Continuous Passive.

Active Voice to be + Participle I (V-ing)	Passive Voice To be + being + Participle II (Ved/V3)
They are discussing a new plan now (обсуждают) They were discussing a new plan at 10.a.m. (обсуждали) They will be discussing a new plan at 10 tomorrow (будут обсуждать)	The new plan is being discussed Now(… обсуждается …) The new plan was being discussed at 10 a.m. (… обсуждается …) Не употребляется (см. Future Indefinite Passive)

Примечание 1. Английский глагол в форме Continuous Passive переводится на русский язык формами глагола только несовершенного вида с окончанием на -ся, -сь, или неопределённо-личным предложением.

II Образование времён Perfect Passive.

Active Voice to have + Participle II	Passive Voice To have + been + Participle II
He has finished his work (already) (закончил) He has finished his work by 5 o’clock (закончил) We’ll have finished our work by 5 o’clock (закончить)	The work has been finished By him (…закончена…) The work had been finished By him (была закончена…) The work will have been finished By him (будет закончена…)

Примечание 2. Глаголы в форме Perfect Passive обычно переводятся на русский язык глаголами совершенного вида.

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения:

1. Our experiment was being carried out for 5 hours.

2. They are being waited for.

3. The solution was being heated for 2 hours.

4. The house is being built by a new method.

5. This metal has been heated and then cooled in the air.

6. The effect of temperature will have been studied by the beginning of the experiment.

7. Wages to the personnel have been paid out.

8. This contract had been concluded when I returned.

Indefinite Tense	Continuos Tenses	Perfect Tense
Present The problem is discussed. Проблема обсуждается. …обсуждают. …обсуждена.	The problem is being discussed. …обсуждается. ...обсуждают.	The problem has being discussed. …обсудили. … обсуждена.
Past The problem was discussed. …обсуждалась. …обсуждали. …обсуждена.	The problem was being discussed. …обсуждалась. …обсуждали.	The problem had been discussed. …обсудили. …была обсуждена.
Future The problem will be discussed. …будет обсуждаться. …будет обсуждать. …будет обсуждена.	Форма не существует (см. Future Indefinite Passive)	The problem will have been discussed. …обсудят. …будет обсуждена.

Как видно из примеров русскому настоящему времени соответствуют две формы Present indefinite, Passive и Present Continued Passive, русскому прошедшему времени – 4. Английские формы: Past Indefinite Passive, Past Continuos, Present и Past Perfect Passive, русскому будущему времени соответствуют 2 английские формы: Future Indefinite и Future Perfect Passive.

Text A

How does economy develop?

We all have been different economic changes affecting our lives. When demand increases and supply is not /sufficient/² we often have /shortages of goods/², some people may /lose their jobs/³. It means that economy is /entering/³ an economic crisis. Economists have developed a system of indicators which help to /measure/³ and /assess/³ a country’s economy.

If we try to /draw a picture/³ of the total economy as it changes over time we shell have the following:

These ups and downs /representing/³ “the life” of an economic system are called the business cycle. People looking carefully at the picture may/notice/² that it consists of four elements. Back off them is a /phase/¹ in the cycle characterised by its own /peculiarities/².

Peak times. During /peak/¹ time economy is doing very well. People are /working hard/² and are getting high wages. Goods are being delivered to the stores on time and in sufficient quantities and consumers are spending their money buying all sorts of things. Firms are making profit, banks are giving loans to people, people are setting up small businesses and services are being provided everywhere and at low prices.

/Recession/³. But, as history shows, after a peak period there usually comes a /downward turn/² into a /recession/³. Sales are decreasing. Business firms are being /cutting back on/³ their activities. Fewer things are being produced and more workers are /laid off/². Not only the business firms are cutting down their work but also their suppliers: they produce less and lay off they workers. People losing their jobs spend less money, other workers /fear/³ that they might lose their jobs, too. Soon consumers in general are spending less, and business declines /even more/².

/Trough/³. Usually all recessions /sooner or later/³ /reach a bottom/³ (i.e. the trough of the cycle) and then things start changing for the better. Firms stop laying off workers and begin ordering more and more supplies. Customers start buying more and the economic situation is beginning to /imrove/².

/Recovery/². It is increased in business activity which results in increased employment, greater consumer spending, more intensive cash flow and, of course, the beginning of another round of a business cycle.

Active vocabulary.

to affect воздействовать

sufficient достаточный

to lose a job потерять работу

to develop (a system ) разработать, создать(систему)

an indicator 1. Показатель (деловой активности).2. индикатор цикличности

economic(al) ~ s экономические показатели

measure мера, показатель; мерило, критерий , измерять

to assess оценивать, определять (размер налога)

business cycle цикл деловой активности; экономический цикл

recovery оживление, подъём

peak пик, наивысший подъём

business cycle peak высшая точка экономического цикла

time период, момент

peak times периоды наивысшего подъёма

through 1 самая глубокая точка (падения производства, цен);2 низшая точка, дно (цикла)

recession спад, падение, снижение (цен), сроса на товары, деловой активности

to get wages получать зарплату

to deliver goods доставлять товар(ы)

store 1 склад;2 магазин

to lay off увольнять (рабочих)

to decline падать, снижаться, понижаться

employment занятость, обеспечение работой

consumer spending потребительские расходы; расходование средств потребителями

Translation notes.

1 economy 1 экономика, (народное) хозяйство; экономия, бережливость; экономное обращение (с материальными ресурсами);3 экономия (как область знания) market economy рыночная экономика

economic(s) 1 экономика (учебная и научная дисциплины); экономическая теория; экономический анализ;2 “экономикс” современная буржуазная политэкономия; business economics экономика предприятий; industrial economics экономика промышленности

2 ups and downs подъёмы и спады

3 peculiarity особенность

4 to do well преуспевать, успешно вести дела

5 to result in иметь своим результатом; приводить к (чему-либо)

to result from получаться вследствие, проистекать, происходить от

При переходе следует учитывать, что первое из данных сочетаний указывает на следствие, а второе - на причину.

6 a downward turn into a recession = a change at the end of recession.