4. Список рекомендуемой литературы

1. Мусихина, О. Н. Английский язык для строителей [Текст] : практикум: учеб. пособие для вузов / О. Н. Мусихина, О. Г. Гисина, В. Л. Яськова . - Ростов-на-Дону : Феникс, 2004. - 352 с. - (Высшее профессиональное образование). - Прил.: с. 249-299. - Библиогр.: с. 341-342. - ISBN 5-222-04873-Х.

2. Камминг, Д. Английский язык для студентов архитектурных и строительных специальностей = Architecture and Building Construction [Текст] : учебник для студ. архитектурных и строительных специальностей / Д. Камминг . - М. : АСТ : АСТРЕЛЬ, 2005. - 270 с. - Парал. тит. л. на англ. яз. - Англ.-рус. слов. : с. 229-253. - ISBN 5-17-021292-5. - ISBN 5-271-07827-2.

3. Английский язык для студентов технических вузов. Основной курс [Текст] : в 2 ч.: учеб. пособие / под ред. С. А. Хоменко, В. Ф. Скалабан . - 2-е изд., испр. - Минск : Вышэйш. шк., 2006.. - ISBN 985-06-1148-0  Ч. 2 : . - , 2006. - 207 с - ISBN 985-06-1147-2.

4. Bonamy D., Jacques C. Technical English [Текст]: Pearson, 2004

5. Агабекян И.П., Коваленко П.И.: Английский для инженеров.- Ростов-на-Дону: Феникс, 2002. - 302с.- ISBN: 5-222-02625-3

Вариант I

Задание 1. Прочитать и перевести текст

BEHAVIOR OF FOUNDATIONS

Foundations are elements that affect a transition between the building and the ground. There are three general areas of importance in foundation design.

1. The nature of the structure that must be supported.

2. The nature of the ground.

3. The structural actions of foundation elements, involving internal stresses

and strains and the means by which they achieve the transfer of loads to the ground.

Most foundations consist of some elements of concrete, because of the relative

cost of the material and its high resistance to water, rot, etc. The two general types of foundations are shallow bearing foundations and deep foundations. With shallow foundations load transfer occurs near the bottom of the building; with deep foundations it involves soil strata at some distance below the building.

The most common types of shallow foundations are wall and column footings, consisting of concrete strips and pads that are poured directly on the ground directly supporting structural elements of the building. Sometimes several structural elements of the building may be supported by a single large footing. Such a foundation does literally float on the soil and is called a raft.

If the soil at the bottom of the building is not adequate for the load transfers, it becomes necessary to utilize the resistance of lower soil strata. In this case builders have to go all the way down to bedrock, or merely to some more desirable soil layer. In order to accomplish this, the building is simply placed on stilts, or tall legs, in the ground. The two basic types of elements microwave — микроволновая that are used for this are piles and piers. Piles are elements that are driven into the ground. Piers are shafts that are excavated and then filled with concrete.

Notes:

excavate v. рыть, копать literally adv. буквально rot n. гниение, гниль

Задание 2. Ответить на вопросы к тексту

1. What are foundations?

2. What are the main important factors in foundation design?

3. What is the most common material in foundations?

4. What is the difference between shallow bearing foundations and deep foundations?

5. What are the most common types of shallow foundations?

6. What is a raft?

7. When do builders utilize the resistance of lower soil strata?

8. What do they do in this case?

9. What do we call "piles" and "piers"?

10. Where are piles and piers used?

Задание 3. Перевести на русский язык приведённые ниже слова

pad (n.), bearing foundation, pile (n.), float (v.), utilize (v.), deep foundation, shallow foundation, internal (adj.), stratum (n.), distance (n.), bearing (n.), strip (n.).

Задание 4. Перевести следующие слова на английский язык:

природа, характер; конструкция; грунт (2); тип; устойчивость; область, сфера; усилие, сила; деформация, напряжение; основание; слой, пласт; стоимость.

Задание 5. Перевести следующие предложения. Определить время и залог сказуемого.

1. Most foundations consist of some elements of concrete.

2. The two fundamental types of foundations were bearing foundations and deep foundations.

3. When not bearing on rock, piers are usually made wider at their ends.

1. Shallow foundation for the house is being built now.

2. Its mechanical properties are altered by the ground water.

3. Their strength will have been achieved by the end of the work.

4. The Romans used their hydraulic concrete to place very heavy foundations.

5. They are generally produced as sheet, partly because they can be easily changed in

shape.

9. By that time the foundation will have been built.

10. In this way tall structures have been successfully built.