- •Infectious disease
- •What infectious diseases do you know? What are children’s infectious diseases? Define the infection disease you know?
- •What may infectious disease caused by?
- •What is the classification of infectious disease according to the way of infectioning?
- •4. What is immunity? What types of immunity do you know? Describe the types?
- •5 . What is influenza, its cause, way of transmission, symptoms, treatment and complications?
- •6. What is chicken-pox, its cause, way of transmission, symptoms, treatment and complications?
- •7. What is diphtheria, its cause, way of transmission, symptoms, treatment and complications?
- •8. What is tuberculosis? What are its form?
- •9. Describe the clinical picture of the tuberculosis and its treatment.
- •14. What are the ways of getting aids virus into the human body?
- •15. What rules should one fallow to reduce the risk of infection with aids?
- •16. What do you know about aids treatment?
- •Cardiovascular disease
- •17. What is the structure of cardiovascular system? Name the main organs, describe their anatomy?
- •18. Speak of the heart and its structure.
- •19. Describe the blood circulation in the human body.
- •20. What are the phase of heartbeat?
- •21. Name and define the most common cardiovascular diseases.
- •22. What is myocardial infarction? What may be cause of it?
- •24. What are the most prominent symptoms of hypertension?
- •25. What are the most frequently complications of hypertension?
- •26. What the difference in clinical picture of myocardial infarction and angina pectoris?
- •32. What is haemoblastosis? What factors can provoke it?
- •33. What are the main theories explaining the etiology of haemoblastosis?
- •34. What does the digestive system consist of?
- •35. Describe the process of digestion?
- •36. What the principle function of the gastrointestinal tract?
- •37. What is gastritis (both chronic and acute), it’s cause, symptoms and treatment?
- •38. What is ulcerative colitis, it’s cause, symptoms, treatment and complications?
- •39. What is appendicitis, its cause and symptoms? What treatment methods for the appendicitis do you know?
- •40. What is peritonitis? Describe its clinical manifestations. How to manage this pathology?
20. What are the phase of heartbeat?
The phase are systole and diastole. Systole is the contraction of the heart ventricles which provide pushing the blood from the heart to the aorta; and diastole is the relaxation of the heart muscles which provide entering blood in the heart.
21. Name and define the most common cardiovascular diseases.
The most common cardiovascular disease are: myocardial infarction, hypertension, angina pectoris,
mitral stenosis, mitral insufficiency.
Myocardial infarction – cardiac dysfunction, which arise when nutritional requirement of the heart muscle (myocard) much more then ability of coronary arteries to supply these nutrition. It leads to necrosis of heart muscle and death.
Hypertension – disease caused by the high blood pressure.
Angina pectoris – acute coronary insufficiency due to sever inadequate of the coronary circulation.
Mitral stenosis – it is typical rheumatic heart defect. (narrowing of the mitral opening)
Mitral insufficiency –
22. What is myocardial infarction? What may be cause of it?
Myocardial infarction is cardiac dysfunction, which arise whenever nutritional requirement of the heart muscle much more than ability of coronary arteries to supply nutrients – lead to variety of pathological conditions, necrosis of the heart muscle and death.
It caused by thrombosis ( blood clot in the blood vessel), atherosclerosis (cholesterol plaque in the coronary arteries which narrowing aperture of the artery and block blood flowing ) and hypertension.
23. What are the most characteristic complaints in myocardial infarction?
The most characteristic complaints are:, sever substernal oppression, often described as squeezing, pressing or constricting; crashing pressure in the chest area or chest pain which radiate to left arm or shoulder ; shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, hiccups.
24. What are the most prominent symptoms of hypertension?
Hypertension frequently is present for many years without symptoms or signs other than elevation of blood pressure. Most patients complain of fatigue, nervousness, dizziness, palpitation, insomnia and headaches.
Risk factors – stress, age, gender (male), heredity, obesity
25. What are the most frequently complications of hypertension?
The most frequently complications are: angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy. Also can be renal damage, polyuria, nocturia, diminished ability of kidneys to concentrate urine, retinopathy, papilledema.
26. What the difference in clinical picture of myocardial infarction and angina pectoris?
In myocardial infarction and angina pectoris the same cause – inability of the coronary arteries to supply sufficient oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, the different is – in angina pectoris it’s only temporary.
Symptoms of angina pectoris are:
- pain in the chest which irradiate to the left shoulder and left hand
-Angina pectoris like myocardial infarction has the same substernal oppression (squeezing, pressing or constricting) – it last few minutes, and when it last more than 30 minutes it can regard as myocardial infarction.
27. What measure one should take to prevent cardiovascular diseases?
To prevent cardiovascular diseases one should :
- do not eat fatty food (to prevent cholesterol plaque)
- do not smoke
- go into sport
- have a rest
- to look after the blood pressure
- to avoid stress
28. How to arrest angina pectoris attack?
To stop the angina pectoris attack one should take nitroglycerine ( for example sublingual to quick the effect), have a rest, and go to a hospital.
29. What is the treatment of the myocardial infarction?
Treatment:
Pharmacological
– first 6 hours: actylases, metalases – to split the tromb
In 12 hours – low-molecular heparin
18 hours – ATP inhibitors, B-blockers – act on heart (decrease blood pressure)
Morphine – to decrease pain
Surgical
Angocathetarization (catheter in the cardio vessels)
Diseases of blood
30. What is anemia? What is different between quantitative and qualitative anemia?
Anemia is pathological condition characterized by decreased number of erythrocytes and/or hemoglobin content in a blood. Quantitative is the number’s change of red blood components and qualitative is the structure’s changes of the red blood cells.
31. What are symptoms of anemia? How is it treated?
The symptoms are – weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, pale skin, fainting . Anemia has a bad effects on the vital activity of the organs, by causing the oxygen hunger and a tissue dystrophy. Anemia treated first of all by a diet – one’s should eat more vegetables, iron contains food, avoid the cofein contains drink (coffee, tea, coke) cause cofein obstruct the iron absorption. Also doctor can prescribe pills ar injections of vitamin B12