- •1) Subject of lexicology. Interconnection between lexicology and other branches of linguistic science
- •2)Conversion
- •3)Latin borrowings in the English vocabulary
- •4) Composition
- •5) French and scandinavian borrowings
- •10) What is semantics?
- •6) Semi-affixes
- •7) International words and etymological doublets
- •8) Polysemy as linguistic phenomenon
- •9) Affixation. Native productive affixes
- •11) Semantics of affixes
- •12) The Germanic element in the English vocabulary
- •13) Shortenings, reduplication and back formation.
- •14) Types of semantic components.
- •15) The process of development of new meaning of words
- •16) Antonymy
- •17) The process of change of meaning of words
- •19) Transference based on resemblance (similarity)
- •20) Proverbs and their difference from phraseological units
- •21) Transference of meaning based on contiguity
- •23) Broadening and narrowing of meaning
- •24) The traditional classification of homonyms
- •25) Degradation and elevation of meaning
- •26) The Indo-European element
- •27) Criteria of synonymy
- •28) Classification of homonyms
- •29) Types of connotations of groups of synonyms
- •31) Latin affixes in the English language
- •32) The conditions stimulating the borrowing process
- •33) French affixes in the English language
- •34) Sources of homonyms
- •35) The way borrowed words adopt themselves in the recipient language.
- •36) The principle productive ways of word-building in the English language
31) Latin affixes in the English language
There are certain structural features (suffixes, prefixes, endings), which make it possible to identify some words as borrowings, for ex. The initial “Sk” indicates Scandinavian origin. Latin affixes were borrowed into French, and from French into English. There are some examples of Latin affixes: The suffix -ion communion, legion, opinion, session, union, etc. The suffix -tion relation, revolution, starvation, temptation, unification, etc. The suffix -ate [eit] appreciate, create, congratulate, etc. The suffix -ute [ju:t] attribute, contribute, constitute, distribute, etc. The remnant suffix –ct -act, conduct, collect, connect, etc. The remnant suffix -d(e) applaud, divide, exclude, include, etc. The prefix dis- disable, distract, disown, disagree, etc. The suffix -able- detestable, curable, etc. The suffix -ate [it] accurate, desperate, graduate, etc. The suffix -ant arrogant, constant, important, etc.The suffix -ent absent, convenient, decent, evident, etc. The suffix -or major, minor, junior, senior, etc.The suffix –al – cordial, final, fraternal, maternal, etc. The suffix –ar - lunar, solar, familiar, etc. Here are some latin prefexxes – in – inexact, incorrect, ineffective, non Nonsense, non-perfect, non-active, trans Transmit, translate, transform, sub – subdivide, subway, subculture, ultra Ultraviolet, ultraconservative, multi Multifunctional, multinational, pro-Prohibition. Protagonist, proverb
32) The conditions stimulating the borrowing process
Each time nations come into close contact. It may be wars, invasions or conquests. There are also periods of peace when the process o f borrowing is due to trade and international cultural relations. These borrowing processes are more favorable for enriching the language, because during occupations the natural psychological reaction of the oppressed nation is to reject the language of the oppressor. In this respect the linguistic heritage of the Norman Conquest seems exceptional. It happened due to the fact that the Norman culture of 11th century was higher than that of the Saxons. As a result, a great number of French words made their way into English vocabulary. Instead of being broken by the powerful intrusion of the foreign element, the English language preserved its essential structure and vastly enriched its expressive resources with the new borrowings. Some words were borrowed to feel the gap in the vocabulary. Such words as ‘tomato’ and ‘potato’ were borrowed from Spanish when those vegetables were first brought by the Spaniards. But there are many words, which are borrowed for other reasons: to represent the same concept in some new aspect, to supply a new shade of meaning or a different motion in coloring, to mean almost the same but not exactly. These types of borrowings enlarges groups of synonyms. Foe example – friendly (a native word) and cordial (a Latin borrowing); wish (a native word) and desire (a French borrowing); like and love (native words) and admire and adore(Latin and French borrowings).
Yet, the process of borrowings isn’t always so purposeful, logical and efficient, because the words can be borrowed blindly for no obvious reasons. For example- the word “large” was borrowed from French with the meaning “wide”, it wasn’t actually wanted, because it fully coincided with the English adjective “wide”. Yet, the word ‘large’ didn’t disappear from the language, as it entered another synonymic group with the general meaning of ‘big in size’.