19. British and American lexicography.

Lexicography is the science and practice of compiling dictionaries and describing them. All dictionaries are traditionally divided into encyclopedic and linguistic dictionaries. Encyclopedic dictionaries are thing book, the deal with concept reflecting different objects and phenomena, their relationships and so on. Linguistic dictionaries are word-books. they list word of the language and give other linguistic facts. Besides these two types now there exists the so-called cultural dictionaries. They combine their information of two types both encyclopedic and linguistic dictionaries. Linguistic dictionaries can be uni-lingual or explanatory and by-lingual or translation. In the first one explanations are given in one language and the second one in a different/other language. Dictionaries are also divided diachronic and synchronic. The diachronic shows the history of the word and reflects its development up to the present moment. One of the most famous dictionaries is the OED 13 volumes. Synchronic dictionaries are disrupted dictionary. They show either the present day meaning and usage of words or those meaning which the words had at a certain historical period. There are general and special dictionaries. General represent the vocabulary as a whole. Special dictionaries cover a specific part of the vocabulary; There are synonyms and antonyms, dictionaries of neologism and slang, pronouncing and so on. Both bilingual and unilingual dictionaries can be general and special. General dictionaries represent the vocabulary as a whole with a degree of completeness depending upon the scope and bulk of the book in question. The group includes the thirteen volumes of “The Oxford English Dictionary” alongside with any miniature pocket dictionary. Some general dictionaries may have very specific aims and still be considered general due to their coverage. They include, for instance, frequency dictionaries, i.e. lists of words, each of which is followed by a record of its frequency of occurrence in one or several sets of reading matter. ⁵ A rhyming dictionary is also a general dictionary, though arranged in inverse order, and so is a thesaurus in spite of its unusual arrangement. General dictionaries are contrasted to special dictionaries whose stated aim is to cover only a certain specific part of the vocabulary. Special dictionaries may be further subdivided depending on whether the words are chosen according to the sphere of human activity in which they are used (technical dictionaries), the type of the units themselves (e. g. phraseological dictionaries) or the relationships existing between them (e. g. dictionaries of synonyms). And finally there are ideographic dictionaries or thesaurus [θɪ'sɔːrəs].Roget’s This dictionary groups words according to the concepts expressed. They supply a word or words by which a given idea may be expressed. Task of lexicology: systematization of the lexicon. Lexicology and lexicography are different in the degree of systematization of the lexicon. Lexicology and lexicography have the same subject of study. The biggest dictionaries 1. Oxford Engl. Dict (20 volumes) .2. Murriam Webster’s Diachronic historic. Dictionary:oxford university press,oxford engl. dict.,short oxford dict. Synchronic dict.1.concies oxf. dict2. oxford advanced learners dict3. pocket oxford dict. Monolingual dict. Oxf. dict of new words Oxf dict of collocationsOxf dict of English ethymologyOxford – Russian dict PUBLISHING HOUSESOxford, Collins, Longman, Chambers, Cambridge. American lexicology There are 3 main dict.: Webster’s 3^rd new intonation dict. Of the English lang., Webster’s college dict., American heritage dict