10. Comment on the use and formation of the Past Continuous. Exemplify your commentary with the cases from the text.

was/were + дієслово із закінченням -ing

Стверджувальна форма	Питальна форма	Заперечна форма
I was working	Was I working?	I was not (wasn’t) working
You were working	Were you working?	You were not (weren’t) working
He (she, it) was working	Was he (she, it) working?	He (she, it) was not (wasn’t) working
We were working	Were we working?	We were not (weren’t) working
They were working	Were they working?	They were not (weren’t) working

at 5 o’clock, at that moment у той момент, the whole evening увесь вечір, all day увесь день, from 5 till 6 yesterday з 5 до 6 вечора, when mother came іn коли зайшла мама

We use the past continuous:

a) for an action which was in progress at a in the past. We do not mention when started or finished.

e.g. At seven o'clock yesterday evening they were having dinner. (We do not know when they started or finished their dinner)

b) for an action which was in progress when another action interrupted it. We use the past continuous 1 the action in progress (longer action) and the past simple for the action which interrupted it (shorter action).

e.g. He was walking down the street when he ran into an old friend

с) for two or more simulta­neous past actions.

e.g. She was talking on her mobile phone while she was driving to work.

d) to describe the atmosphere, setting, etc. in the introduction to a story before we describe the main events.

e.g. One beautiful autumn afternoon, Ben was strolling down a quiet country lane. The birds were singing and the leaves were rustling in the breeze.

The past continuous is used with the following time expressions: while, when, as, all morning\evening/night, etc.

11. Comment on the use and formation of the Past Perfect. Exemplify your commentary with the cases from the text

Передає дію, що відбулася до якогось моменту в минулому.

had + правильне дієслово із закінченням –ed

had + III колонка неправильного дієслова

Стверджувальна форма	Питальна форма	Заперечна форма
I had worked	Had I worked?	I had not (hadn’t) worked
You had worked	Had you worked?	You had not (hadn’t) worked
He (she, it) had worked	Had he (she, it) worked?	He (she, it) had not (hadn’t) worked
We had worked	Had we worked?	We had not (hadn’t) worked
They had worked	Had they worked?	They had not (hadn’t) worked

by 5 o’clock до 5 години, by Saturday до суботи, by the end of the year до кінця року,

by that time до того часу

I had finished my dinner when you came in.

Я закінчив обідати, коли ви увійшли.

I had written the letter by 9 o’clock yesterday.

Я написав листа вчора до 9 години.

We use the past perfect:

a) for an action which happened before another past action or before a stated time in the past.

e.g. He had fallen asleep before we arrived.

b) for an action which finished in the past and whose result was visible in the past.

e.g. They had been looking for a house for six months before they found one they liked.

He was happy. He had signed an important contract (The action finished in the past and its result was visible in the past, too)

Note: The past perfect is the past equivalent of the present perfect.

e.g. a) He had fixed the old armchair It looked brand new (The action -had fixed- happened in the past The result -looked brand new- was also visible in the past)

b) He has fixed the old armchair It looks brand new (The action -has fixed- happened in the past The result -looks brand new- is still visible in the present)

The past perfect is used with the following time expressions: before, after, already, just, for, since, till/ until, when, by, by the time, never, etc.

Note: We can use the past perfect or the past simple with before or after without any difference in meaning.

e.g. They went out after it had stopped I stopped raining.