Verbal, cognitive
nonverbal, metaphoric, half-metaphor
periphrasis
1) Of all the days that's in the week I dearly love but one day -
And that's the day that comes between
A Saturday and Monday.
2) I understand you are poor and wish to earn money by nursing the little boy, my son, who has been so prematurely deprived of what can never be replaced (Dickens).
Periphrases are classified into:
figurative (metonymic and metaphoric)
"The hospital was crowded with the surgically interesting products of the fighting in Africa" (I. Sh.);
logical
"Mr. Du Pont was dressed in the conventional disguise with which Brooks Brothers cover the shame of American millionaires." (M. St.)
The little boy has been deprived of what can never be replaced (Dickens) (= deprived of his mother);
An addition to the little party now made its appearance (= another person came in).
The notion of king may be poetically represented as the protector of earls; the victor lord; the giver of lands; a battle may be called a play of swords; a saddle = a battle-seat; a soldier = a shield-bearer, God = Our Lord, Almighty, Goodness, Heavens, the Skies.
Periphrasis may have a poetic colouring:
a pensive warbler of the ruddy breast (= a bullfinch, снегирь: A. Pope); The sightless couriers of the air (= the winds: Shakespeare),
or a humorous colouring: a disturber of the piano keys (= a pianist; O. Henry).
euphemism
Several groups:
Religious euphemisms:
God may be replaced by Godness, Lord, Jove, Heaven, etc.
Devil – by the deuce, the dickens, old Nick, old Harry.
Death – to join the majority, to pass away, to go the way of al flesh, to go west, to breathe one’s last, to expire, to depart, etc.
Moral and convential
person with an alternative body image, big, fluffy, full-figured or heavy-set – fat
hair disadvantaged – bald
incomplete success – failure
person of differing sobriety – drunk
vertically challenged – short
ten o’clock girl, lady of the night ,night workers the oldest profession - call girl
to tie a donkey - to visit the toilet
Professional
metalworker; locksmith – слесарь
office manager – secretary
press agent - publicist
Medical
French ache, or French disease – syphilis
heart attack
people with special needs
Lunatic Liam - psychiatric hospital
Parlamentary, political
confrontation, incident, intervention,
limited action, operation
developing countries
h
yperbole
(гипербола,
преувеличение)
a
car as big as a house; the man-mountain (человек-гора,
Гулливер);
The coffee shop smell was strong enough to build a garage on. (R. Chandler)
His grey face was so long that he could wind it twice round his neck.
One after another those people lay down on the ground to laugh – and two of them died.
I was scared to death when he entered the room.
The girls were dressed to kill. He was so tall that I was not sure he had a face. (O. Henry);
I'd give anything to see it. Your dad is the smartest guy in the world. Janet worked her fingers to the bone. I can smell pizza from a mile away.
The man was like the rock of Gibraltar. (simile)
I was wildly sympathetic. (oxymoron)
He is such a prehistoric monster. (metaphor)
pronouns (all, every, everybody)
All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. (Shakespeare)
Numerical nouns, numerals
a thousand pardons
The car which picked me up on that particular guilty evening was a Cadillac limousine about seventy-three blocks long.
I've told you a million times.
Her family is one aunt about a thousand years old.
I’ve seen this movie at least 80,000 times.
adverbs of time (always, forever, for ages, never ever and forever)
We will be best friends forever.
Vanessa never has anything interesting to say.
I will never say “never.”
meiosis [mi'ousis] (understatement)
She wore a pink hat, the size of a button.
I was half-afraid that you have forgotten me.
It will cost you a pretty penny.
"It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain." J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye
"You know, Einstein was not a bad physicist."
"The pond" as a name for the Atlantic Ocean.
decomposition of a set phrase
I'm eating my heart out.
It's evidently a diet that agrees with you. You are growing fat on it. (Maugham)
According to the mechanism of d. of a s. p.:
Insertion (включение):
The new French government was sticking its collective nouse in business.
Implication
People that build up glass houses must have enough money to buy curtains.
Prolongation (zeugmatic pattern)
It was raining cats and dogs kittens and puppies sit near the window
Curtailing
There is no use cry of over spilt milk.
Resemantasing (полное переосмысление)
allusion
Ms. Campbell was on a diet, and those scrumptous doughnuts ended up being her Achille's heal. The professional athlete thinks he is so fine, but, according to his last girlfriend, he is no Romeo. Mom's garden was lush and beautiful. It was like the Garden of Eden.
the Scrooge Syndrome (allusion on the rich, grieve and mean Ebeneezer Scrooge from Charles Dicken’s “Christmas Carol”)
The software included a Trojan Horse. (allusion on the Trojan horse from Greek mythology)
Plan ahead. It was not raining when Noah built the Ark. (Richard Cushing) (allusion on the biblical Ark of Noah)
to meet one’s Waterloo (allusion on Napoleons defeat in the Battle of Waterloo)
to wash one’s hands of it. (allusion on Pontius Pilatus, who sentenced Jesus to death, but washed his hands afterwards to demonstrate that he was not to blame for it.)
to be as old as Methusalem (allusion on Joseph’s grandfather, who was 969 years old according to the Old Testament)
to guard sth with Argus’s eyes (allusion on the giant Argus from Greek mythology, who watched over Zeus’ lover Io.)
to meet one’s Waterloo (allusion on Napoleons defeat in the Battle of Waterloo)
to wash one’s hands of it. (allusion on Pontius Pilatus, who sentenced Jesus to death, but washed his hands afterwards to demonstrate that he was not to blame for it.)
to be as old as Methusalem (allusion on Joseph’s grandfather, who was 969 years old according to the Old Testament)
to guard sth with Argus’s eyes (allusion on the giant Argus from Greek mythology, who watched over Zeus’ lover Io.)
Hers was a forceful clarity and a colourful simplicity and a bold use of metaphor that Demosphenes would have envied. (Faulkner) (allusion to the widely-known ancient Greek orator).
He felt as Balaam must gave felt when his ass broke into speech (Maugham) (allusion to the biblical parable of an ass that spoke the human language when its master, the heathen prophet Balaam, intended to punish it).
In B. Shaw's play "Pygmalion", the following remark of Mr. Higgins " Eliza: you are an idiot. I waste the treasures of my Mi/tonic mind by spreading them before you alludes to the English poet of the 17"' century John Milton, the author of the poem "Paradise Lost"; apart from that, the words spreading the treasures of my mind before you contain an allusion to the biblical expression to cast pearls before swine {метать бисер перед свиньями). In A. Christie's book ol'stories' The Labours of Hercules' the name of the famous detective Hercule Poirot is an allusion to the name of Hercules and the twelve heroic deeds (labours) of this hero of the ancient Greek myths.
MORPHEMIC REPETITION
Is used to stress out:
absence of quality
-a, -anti, -miss, -un
She unchained, unbolted and unlocked the door. It was there again, more clearly than before: the terrible expression of pain in her eyes; unblinking, unaccepting, unbelieving pain. We are overbrave and overfearful, overfriendly and at the same time frightened of strangers, we're oversentimental and realistic. . The precious twins - untried, unnoticed, undirected - and I say it quiet with my hands down – undiscovered. Three million years ago something had passed this way, had left this unknown and perhaps unknowable symbol of its purpose, and had returned to the planets - or to the stars.
unimportance smallness
-under, -ling, -ette
THE EXTENSION OF MORPHEMIC VALENCY
“Mr. Hamilton, you haven’t any children, have you?” “Well, no. And I’m sorry about that I guess. I am sorriest about that.”
The girls could not take off their panama hats because this was not far from the school gates and hatlessness was an offence.
"You asked him."
"I'm un-asking him," the Boss replied.
Lucy wasn't Willie's luck. Or his unluck either.
She was waiting for something to happen or for everything to un-happen.