Interjections and exclamatory words
Semantically interjections are divided in:
primary
derivative ”God!”,” My Lord”
Stylistically interjections are divided in:
bookish Listen!
neutral Oh! Well!
colloquial Cool! Wow! Awesome!
vulgar colloquial Черт! Блин!
“Heaven”, “goodgracious!”, “dear me!”, “Come on!”, ”Look here!”, “dear”, “by the Lord!”, “God knows!”, “Bless me!”, “Humbug!”, 'Ha! ha!''Ah'! 'Heavens!', 'good gracious!', 'dear me!', 'God!'
epithet
Semantically we distinguish:
Fixed (logical/usual) epithets sweet smile, my true love; a sweet heart; the green wood; a dark forest; brave cavaliers; merry old England.
Affective (emotive/occasional) epithet gorgeous, nasty, magnificent
Figurative (transferred/metaphoric) epithets the smiling sun
Structurally we distinguish:
Simple epithet: true love
Compound epithet: heart-burning sigh
Phrase/sentence epithets a move-if-you-dare expression (“a move-if-you-dare” expression); She looked at me with that please-don’t-touch-me look of hers. ( She looked at me with that “ please don’t touch me” look of hers.
Reversed (inverted) epithet - this devil of a woman
Chain of epithets - her large blue crying crasy eyes
О dreamy, gloomy, friendly trees! (Trench)
a man of iron, a silvery laugh; a thrilling story/film; Alexander the Great; a cutting smile (насмешливая, едкая), to smile cuttingly. Just a ghost of a smile appeared on his face; she is a doll of a baby; a little man with a Say-nothing-to-me, or — I'll- contradict- you expression on his face.
oxymoron
To live a life half-dead, a living death (Milton)
Thou art to me a delicious torment (Emerson).
a living corpse; sweet sorrow; a nice rascal; awfully (terribly) nice; a deafening silence; a low skyscraper.
I'm changed and the Mere touch of Sibyl Vane's hand makes me forget you and all your wrong fascinating, poisonous, delightful theories.
Beautiful sins, like beautiful things, are privilege of the rich. (O.Wilde)
Beautiful tyrant. Fiend angelical
Dove-feathered raven. Wolfish-ravening lamb.
Despised substance of divines show.
Just opposite to what thou justly seem'st
A damned saint, an honourable villian. (Shakespeare)
I have but one simile, and that's a blunder
For wordless woman, which is silent thunder. (Byron)
Lexical expressive means and stylistic devices Peculiar use of set expressions
stylistic functioning of morphologival forms
simile (or LITERARY COMPARISON) сравнение
(as) beautiful as a rose; stupid as an ass; stubborn as a mule; fresh as a rose; fat as a pig; white as snow; proud as a peacock; drunk as a lord.
According to the expressiveness:
genuine
trite:
1. similes, describing the appearance:
fair as a lily, fat as a pig, bright as a button.
2. similes, describing the features of the character:
cheerful as a lark, industrious as an ant, faithful as a dog.
3. similes, describing the actions:
busy as a bee, fleet as a deer, slow as a tortoise.
4. similes, describing the inner state:
feel like a fish out of water, black as a sin, blush like a rose.
Formally:
grammatically, with the help of conjunctions (as if, as though, like, than, as…as)
"like" is used:
to drink like a fish (= very much);
Oh, my love is like a red, red rose
That's newly sprung in June. (Burns);
Rise like lions after slumber, in unvanquishible number,
Shake your chains to earth, like dew
That in sleep had fallen on you.
We are many, they are few. (Shelly).
lexically, by means of the words expressing likeness(remind, resemble, seem, appear) disguised simile:
He reminded me of a hungry cat.
Semantically: