Phonographical and Phonostylistic Expressive means and stylistic devices of the paradigmatic and syntagmatic level

graphon

Types:

1) italics

2) multiplication (Alll are free)

3) capitalization (HELP)

4) hyphenation (h-e-l-p)

5) grammar  (I wanna home) 

6) steps (manner of line’s arrangement (Маяковский)) (nairplane- airplane, Best jeans for this Jeaneration).

When the famous Thackeray's character - butler Yellowplush - impresses his listeners with the learned words pronouncing them as "sellybrated" (celebrated), "bennyviolent" (benevolent), "illygitmit" (illegitimate), "jewinile" (juvenile), or when the no less famous Mr. Babbitt uses "peerading" (parading), "Eytalians" (Italians), "peepul" (people) - the reader obtains not only the vivid image and the social, cultural, educational characteristics of the personages, but also both Thackeray's and S. Lewis' sarcastic attitude to them.

"The b-b-b-b-bas-tud - he seen me c--c-c-c-coming" in R. P. Warren's Sugar Boy's speech or "You don't mean to thay that thith ith your firth time" (B.C.) show the physical defects of the speakers - the stuttering of one and the lisping of the other.

Authentic live communication, of the informality of the speech act, some amalgamated forms, which are the result of strong assimilation, became cliches in contemporary prose dialogue: "gimme" (give me), "lemme" (let me), "gonna" (going to), "gotta" (got to), "coupla" (couple of), "mighta" (might have), "willya" (will you), etc.

"Pik-kwik store", or "The Donut (doughnut) Place", or the "Rite Bread Shop", or the "Wok-in Fast Food Restaurant", etc.

Weather forecast for today: Hi 59, Lo 32, Wind lite.

We recommend a Sixty seconds meal: Steak-Umm.

Choose the plane with "Finah Than Dinah" on its side.

Best jeans for this Jeaneration.

Follow our advice: Drinka Pinta Milka Day.

Terry's Floor Fashions: We make 'em - you walk on 'em

Our offer is $ 15.00 per WK.

Thanx for the purchase.

Everybody uses our wunnerful Rackfeed Drills.

I know these Eye- talians! (Lawrence) - in this case the graphon is used to show despise or contempt of the speaker for Italians.

 Features of territorial or social dialect of the speaker: ‘Is that my wife? …I see it is, from your fyce…What gyme ‘as she been plying’? You gotta tell me ‘(London cockney dialect) As for American English, here is an example of the Missouri Negro dialect from ‘The Adventures of Tom Sawyer’:  ‘You know dat one-leigged nigger dat b’longs to old Misto Brandish? Well he sot up a bank, en say anybody dat put in a dollar would git fo’ dollars mo’ at en ‘er de year…’

"My daddy's coming tomorrow on a nairplane." (S.) –young age

She mimicked a lisp: "I don't weally know wevver I'm a good girl. The last thing he'll do would be to be mixed with a hovvid woman." (J.Br.) – a physical defect of speech

"All the village dogs are no-'count mongrels, Papa says. Fish-gut eaters and no class a-tall; this here dog, he got insteek." (K.K.) – lack of education

"Whereja get all these pictures?" he said. "Meetcha at the corner. Wuddaya think she's doing out there?" (S.) – carelessness in speech

He spoke with the flat ugly "a" and withered "r" of Boston Irish, and Levi looked up at him and mimicked "All right, I'll give the caaads a break and staaat playing." (N.M.) – the influence of dialectal norms

ONOMATOPOEIA (SOUND SYMBOLISM) (Звукоподражание)

Types:

1) direct (natural sounds)

2) indirect (echo-writing)

1) bang (хлопнуть), cuckoo, tintinnabulation, mew, ping-pong, hiss (шуршать), bowwow, bump, grumble, sizzle, titter (хихикать), chink (звякать), neigh (ржать), gargle (бурлить, булькать), clatter, murmur, whisper, buzz (sounds of bees); hiss (snakes); bow-wow (dogs); mew/miaow and purr (cats); hoink (pigs); baa-baa (sheep); cackle (chickens); quack (ducks); cuckoo; caw (crows); moo (cows), bubble (буль­кать); rustle (шуршать); splash (плескаться) ; whistle (свистеть); giggle, chuckle (хихикать, хмыкать); roar (реветь); tinkle (звякнуть); ding-dong, jingle (= звенеть), click (щелкать), tick, tick-tuck (тикать); bang, slap, rap, tap (звук удара), etc.

2) "And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple cur­tain" (E. A. Poe),

where the repetition of the sound [s] actually produces the sound of the rustling of the curtain.

"Whenever the moon and stars are set, Whenever the wind is high, All night long" in the dark and wet A man goes riding by." (R. S. Stevenson) [w] produces the sound of wind.

In Poe's poem "The Bells" where the words tinkle and bells are distributed in the following manner:

"Silver bells... how they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle"

"To the tintinabulation that so musically wells

From the bells, bells, bells, bells,

Bells, bells, bells —

From the jingling and the tinkling of the bells."

"Камыши шуршат в тиши"

Streaked by a quarter moon, the Mediterranean shushed gently into the beach. (I.Sh.)

The Italian trio tut-tutted their tongues at me. (T.C.)

" - Sh-sh.

- But I am whispering." This continual shushing annoyed him. " (A.H.)

Dreadful young creatures - squealing and squawking. (C.)

paronomasia (Парономазия)

Humor effect:

A young man married is a man that's marred (Shakespeare)

Gentlemen wanted their bankers prudent but not prudish.

-Are you fool?

-No. I am not full. I am hungry.

-I wonder if I can see your mother, little boy. Is she engaged?

-Engaged? She is married.

I'm full of poetry now. Rot and poetry. Rotten poetry. (H )

You can tune a file system, but you can't tune a fish. ('tuna fish' - from a Unix manual)

A jesting friar punned upon the name of the famous humanist Erasmus, "Errans mus" [erring mouse]. —Puttenham

"Caesar salad" (Scissor salad) in an Italian accent:

Customer: "I'd like a Caesar salad.

Italian waiter: "Sir! Are you sure you want the Scissor salad? You'll cut your mouth!"

Mnemonic effect:

A friend in need is a friend indeed.

After a feast comes a fast.

A good example of paronomasia based on near homophones is Apple's new slogan for the ipad--Resolutionary (revolutionary).

Advertising slogans:

"The Lone Hydrangea" (name of a flower shop in Melbourne, Australia)

"Curl Up and Dye" (beauty salon in London)

"Al’s Clip Joint" (barber shop in London)

"Rock and Sole Plaice" (fish & chip shop in London)

"Best Little Hair House in Denver" (barber shop in Denver, Colorado)

"Award Wieners" ("Hollywood hot dog stand" in Disneyland)

"The Weiner’s Circle" (restaurant in Chicago)

«И без того жёсткий порядок… стал жестоким».

spoonerism

You've hissed my mystery lessons, you've tasted the worm and you'll have to leave by the town drain.

"Three cheers for our queer old dean!" (dear old queen, referring to Queen Victoria)

"Is it kisstomary to cuss the bride?" (customary to kiss)

"The Lord is a shoving leopard." (a loving shepherd)

"A blushing crow." (crushing blow)

"A well-boiled icicle" (well-oiled bicycle)

"You were fighting a liar in the quadrangle." (lighting a fire)

"Is the bean dizzy?" (Dean busy)

"Someone is occupewing my pie. Please sew me to another sheet." (occupying my pew...show me to another seat)

"You have hissed all my mystery lectures. You have tasted a whole worm. Please leave Oxford on the next town drain." (missed...history, wasted...term, down train)

A newspaper column attributes this additional example to Spooner: "A nosey little cook." (cozy little nook).

What´s black and white and red/read all over? A newspaper “Pravda”.

Господь наш толкающийся леопард (The Lord is a shoving leopard, вместо a loving shepherd — «любящий пастырь»)

Вы прошипели все мои таинственные лекции. Вы попробовали целого червяка (You have hissed all my mystery lectures. You have tasted a whole worm, вместо You have missed all my history lectures. You’ve wasted a whole term — «Вы пропустили все мои лекции по истории. Вы потратили даром целый семестр»)

Когда наши парни вернутся домой из Франции, все ведьмы бросятся вон ( When our boys come home from France, we will have the hags flung out, вместо we will have the flags hung out — «наши флаги будут развеваться»)

– My father always carries a young horse pistol with him. (кольт, вид револьвера или пистолета)

– A young horse pistol? (жеребенок)

– Yes – a Colt.

 Cмехотехника — схемотехника

Вагоноуважаемый глубокоуважатый (Самуил Маршак).

Крепче за шоферку держись баран

Бронетёмкин Поносец

Челадой маловек

Чеши писло (пиши число)

Однажды у Чукчи спросили:

– Чукча, Вы хотите стать Почетным академиком Академии Наук СССР?

Чукча подумал и сказал:

– Однако, хорошо! По четным – академиком, по нечетным – рыбу ловить!

A LLITERATION

euphony cacophony

Than Oars divide the Ocean, Too silver for a seam— Or Butterflies, off Banks of Noon

Leap, plashless as they swim

(A Bird Came Down the Walk by Emily Dickenson ) But most lay like corpses, their coverings coming undone, naked calves hard as corded wood spilling from under a cloak.

(Leningrad Cemetery, Winter of 1941 by Sharon Old)

In idioms:

blind as a bat; tit for tat ( = an eye for an eye); tit-bit (лако­мый кусочек); (It is) neck or nothing (пан или пропал); bag and baggage; last but not least; waste not, want not; as good as gold; as green as grass; willy-nilly (volence-nolence); hurly-burly (= noise); to shilly-shally/to dilly-dally (= to waste time without taking action).

In titles, headlines and slogans:

Pride and Prejudice. Sense and Sensibility ( Jane Austin) The last leaf (O.Henry) Double Dash (Mario Kart)

Posthumous papers of the Pickwick Club. (Dickens)

Work or wages!; Workers of the world, unite! – Political slogan

New whipped cream: No mixing or measuring. No beating or bothering.

Colgate toothpaste: The Flavor's Fresher than ever - It's New. Improved. Fortified.

"You'll never put a better bit of butter on your knife."(advertising slogan for Country Life butter)

Names:

Bugs Bunny, Donald Duck, Mickey Mouse, SpongeBob Squarepants, Woody Woodpecker, Fred Flintstone

In poetry:

…love your hills and I love your dales, And I love your flocks a-bleating (Keats) (the sound [1] repeated)

O, my love is like a red, red rose,

That's newly sprung in June.

O, my love is like the melodie,

That's sweetly played in tune. (R. Burns) ([r] , [1] repeated)

Darkness there, and nothing more.

Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering,

fearing,

Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream

before. (Edgar Рое) ([d] repeated)

"The possessive instinct never stands still. Through florescence and feud, frosts and fires it follows the laws of progression."(Galsworthy)

"Deep into the darkness peering, long 1 stood there wondering, fearing, . "Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortals ever dared to dream before." (E. A. Poe)

He swallowed the hint with a gulp and a gasp and a grin. (R. K.)

The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free. (S. C.)

The Italian trio tut-tutted their tongues at me. (T.C.)

You, lean, long, lanky lath of a lousy bastard! (O.C.)

Billy blew a blue bubble while bouncing on a bongo.

a ssonance

euphony cacophony

In poetic speech:

Tenderly bury the fair young dead. (M. La Costa) - the repetition of the vowel [e]

Tell this soul, with sorrow laden, if within the distant Aiden,

I shall clasp a sainted maiden, whom the angels name Lenore —

Clasp a rare and radiant maiden, whom the angels name

Lenor?(E. Рое) - the repetition of the diphthong [ei]

One, two, three, four, five. I caught a fish alive - the repetition of the diphthong [ai]

My shoes show signs of wear and tear, the wear and tear of city life.

And as though not a soul were nigh him…

When thou sigh’st, thou sigh’st not wind,

But sigh’s my soul away,

When thou weep’st, unkindly kind,

My life’s blood doth decay

(Song, by Donne)

"Try to light the fire"

"I lie down by the side fo my bride"/"Fleet feet sweep by sleeping geese"/"Hear the lark and harden to the barking of the dark fox gone to ground" by Pink Floyd

"It's hot and it's monotonous." by Sondheim

"The crumbling thunder of seas" by Robert Louis Stevenson

"If I bleat when I speak it's because I just got . . . fleeced." - "Deadwood" by Al Swearengen

"It beats . . . as it sweeps . . . as it cleans!" - slogan for Hoover vacuum cleaners

"Those images that yet/Fresh images beget,/That dolphin-torn, that gong-tormented sea." - “Byzantium” by W.B. Yeats

"Soft language issued from their spitless lips as they swished in low circles round and round the field, winding hither and thither through the weeds" - "Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" by James Joyce

"The spider skins lie on their sides, translucent and ragged, their legs drying in knots." - "Holy the Firm" by Annie Dillard

"The setting sun was licking the hard bright machine like some great invisible beast on its knees." - "Death, Sleep, and the Traveler" by John Hawkes

"I must confess that in my quest I felt depressed and restless." - "With Love" by Thin Lizzy

"In the over-mastering loneliness of that moment, his whole life seemed to him nothing but vanity." - "Night Rider" by Robert Penn Warren

"A lanky, six-foot, pale boy with an active Adam's apple, ogling Lo and her orange-brown bare midriff, which I kissed five minutes later, Jack." - "Lotita" by Vladimir Nabokov

"Strips of tinfoil winking like people" - "The Bee Meeting" by Sylvia Plath

"It beats . . . as it sweeps . . . as it cleans!" (advertising slogan for Hoover vacuum cleaners, 1950s)

RHYME

• The full rhyme

• The incomplete rhymes: vowel and consonant rhymes.

Full rhymes: might – right, rat-bat

Incomplete rhymes: worth - forth

Vowel-rhymes: flesh - fresh -press.

Consonant rhymes: worth - forth, tale - tool, treble - trouble; flung - long.

Compound rhyme or broken “upon her honour - won her”, “bottom –forgot them- shot him”

Eye - rhyme: love – prove, flood - brood, have - grave. (гра­фическая рифма)

Types of rhymes:

1) Couplet: aa: The seed ye sow, another reaps; (a)

The wealth ye find, another keeps; (a)

2) Triplet: aaa: And on the leaf a browner hue, (a)

And in the heaven that clear obscure, (a)

So softly dark, and darkly pure, (a)

3) Cross rhymes: abab: (перекрестные рифмы)

It is the hour when from the boughs (a)

The nightingales’ high note is heard ;( b)

It is the hour when lovers’ vows (a)

Seem sweet in every whispered word, (b)

A slumber did my spirit seal; (a)

I had no human fears: (b)

She seemed a thing that could not feel (a)

The touch of earthly years, (b) (W. Wordsworth)

4) Frame (ring): abba: enclosing rhymes (охватные, опоясанные рифмы)

He is not here; but far away (a)

The noise of life begins again, (b)

And ghastly thro ’the drizzling rain (b)

On the bald streets breaks the blank day (a)

5) Internal rhyme

“I dwelt alone (a) in a world of moan, (a) – single line

And my soul was a stagnant tide.”

S TANZAS Строфа, строфика

c ouplet: a a двустишие

triple rhymes: a a a

cross-rhymes: a b a b

f raming rhyme / ring rhyme: a b b a

tercet (aba bcb)

t he heroic couplet (aa bb cc )

the Spenserian stanza (abab bcb cc)

o ttava rima (ab ab ab cc)

the sonnet (three quatrains and a concluding couplet - abab cdcd, efef, gg)

O, lest the world should ask you to recite

What merit lived in me, that you should love,

After my death, dear love, forget me quite,

For you in me can nothing worthy prove;

Unless you would devise some virtuous lie, To do more for me than mine own desert

And hang more praise upon deceased I Than niggard truth would willingly impart:

O, lest your true love may seem false in this, That you for love speak well of me untrue, My name be buried where my body is, And live no more to shame nor me nor you.

For I am ashamed by that which I bring forth, And so should you, to love things nothing worth.

(Shakespeare, Sonnet No. 72)

RHYTHM

According to the correlation of stressed and unstressed syllables within the foot, we distinguish the following 5 types of feet:

1) trochee (хорей), or a trochaic foot (хореическая сто­ па),:

Peter, Peter, pumpkin-eater, (' и Г и Г и I ' u) Had a wife and couldn 't keep her

the Russian trochaic foot: Прибежали в избу дети Второпях зовут отца ...

2) iambus (ямб), or an iambic foot:

And then my love and I shall pace, (u ' I u ' lu' lu') My jet black hair in pearly braids. (Coleridge) Мой дядя самых честных правил. Когда не в шутку занемог...

3) dactyl (дактиль), or a dactylic foot:

Why do you cry, Willie? ('uul'uu)

4) amphibrach (амфибрахий), or an amphibrachic foot:

A diller, a dollar, a ten о 'clock scholar... (и' и I u' u | u' и I и ' u)

5) anapaest (анапест): Said the flee, 'Let us fly', (uu'luu'j) Said the fly, 'Let us flee',

So they flew through a flaw in the flue.

English metrical patterns: стихотворный размер

1) iambic metre: -/-/-/:

Those evening bells,

Those evening bells

2) trochaic metre: /-/- :Welling waters, winsome words  (Swinborne)

3) dactylic metre: /- - / - -: Why do you cry Willie?

Why do you cry?

4) amphibrachic metre: -/-: A diller, a dollar, a ten o’clock scholar…

5) anapaestic metre: - -/- - /: Said the flee, ‘Let us fly’,

Said the fly, ‘Let us flee’,

So they flew through a flaw in the flue.