Lecture 7 - The category of voice

Voice is the grammatical category which is typically used to indicate the relation between a performer of the action (undergoer) and the action itself. This may considered a rather mechanical relationship between the subject and the verb. A verb in the so-called ACTIVE voice indicates that the subject is performing the action expresses in the verb. If the voice is PASSIVE the verb form indicates that the subject is being subjected to the action of the verb. In the active voice further differentiation may indicate (1) the transitive in which the action is carried across to an object, or (2) INTRASITIVE, in which there is no object. In addition to the active and the passive voices, some languages distinguish a so-called MIDDLE voice, in which one does smth to or for oneself. If the action is always performed by the subject this is normally called the REFLEXIVE. If the action is performed by two or more subjects and if these subject act upon each other, the relationship of voice is generally called RECIPROCAL. The category of voice is realized by the opposition of the passive form to the active form. In English both transitive and intransitive verbs can be used in the passive voice. There are also non-passivized verbs such as TO BE LONG, TO COST

3) In the progressive ascpect

The roll IS BEING CALLED

The roll was being called

4)In the perfect aspect

The roll has (had) been called

5) With modals

This work should be corrected

6) in the future tense

The room WILL BE CLEANED tomorrow

If you want to show WHO DID IT you use BY. If you want to show WITH THE HELP OF WHAT you use WITH.The letter was written by a boy with a pencil.

Lecture 8: the category of mood

Mode 9mood) is a grammatical category which expresses the character of connection between the process denoted by the verb and the actual reality. it indicates the psychological atmosphere of the action as reflecting the speaker attitude. these psychologicaly conditioning features of the verb form, consisting of any type of morphological formative, may indicate a variety of semantic domains. Thus we have got:

1) the indicative mood (which presents the process as a real fact)

2) the imperative mood (command or request)

3) the subjunctive mood (expresses unreality)

The subjunctive mood shows that the action expressed by the verb is presented as a non-fact, as smth imaginary or desired. Conditional sentences may express real and unreal condition. They are introduced by the conjunctions, if,in case, provided, unlesssuppose

Real action (condition)

subordinate clause principal clause translation

if it looks like rain, we will stay at home

if he is working, he'll not go with us

Present indefinite/continous+will+ing

UNREAL CONDITION

sub. clause prin.clause translation

If I were you, i would go there

If I had more time, i would come