22 Repetition

Types of lexical repetitions.

There are some devices based on r-n of some idea:synonymical r-n-the rep-on of the same idea by using synonymous words and phrases which by adding a slightly dif. shapes of m-g intensify the ut-ce;2 terms to show attitude to all kinds of synonymous r-n: 1)pleonasm-the use of more words in the s-ce then necessary to express the m-g), 2)tautology-the r-n of the same word/phrase or the same idea or statement in other words often in dif. gram.forms).

Types of syntactic repetition.

repetition-the recurrence of the same word, w.-comb-n, phrase for 2 or more times:

1) Anaphora and epiphora

Anaphora (a..,a…) is identity of the initial parts of two or more autonomous syntactical segments, adjacent or at a distance in the text, yet obviously connected semantically. This device serves the purpose of strengthening the element that recurs, helps the reader to fix it in memory and imparts a certain rhythmical regular­ity to the system of the text Epiphora(…a,…a) is the opposite of anaphora. Epiphora is recurrence of one or several elements concluding two or more syntactical units It regularizes to a greater extent the rhythm of the text, emphasizes logical and emotional relations of the repeated patterns.

3)framing(a…,…a)(ringing repet-n) denotes the recurrence of the initial segment at the very end of a syntactical unit. It is also used for emphasis. It can render oral speech, making it more emotional.-the 1^st or the last element is repeatí;it makes the whole ut-ce compact and complete,it’s most effective in singling out paragraphs & instances in a text;

4)catch rep-n(…a,a…)-rep-tionof the same word/phrase at the end of 1 clause& at the beginning of the following one;

5)chain r-n(…a,a…b,b…c)-represents a series of anidiplosice;the effect is smoothly developing logical reasoning(Living is the art of loving.Loving is the art of carrying.Carying is the art of sharing.).

6) Repetition ordinary Repetition proper is reoccurrence of the same element (word or phrase) within the sentence. To be sure, repetition (with its numerous varieties) is not confined to one sentence, but also includes recurrence of the repeated units in neighboring sen­tences or even recurrence of whole sentences The function and impact of repetition depends upon the position occupied by the repeated unit. But all seemingly superfluous elements have a sty­listic feature in common: additional words and more complicated constructions aim at emphasizing the thought expressed.

7)successive r-n(…a,a,a…)-1 & the same element is repeated one after another;a steam of closely fol-ing each other repeated units;show the peak of emotions.(e.g. On her father’s being groundlessly suspective she felt sure,sure,sure).Stylistic f-n of r-n is to emphasize the most imp part of the ut-ce rendering emotions of the speaker.

8) Anadiplosis In anadiplosis or coupling the final element (or elements) of a sentence (paragraph, stanza, etc) recur at the very beginning of the next sentence (paragraph, stanza, etc). The concluding part of the proceeding syntactic unit is repeated as the starting point of the next It lays emphasis on certain parts of the sentence and es­tablishes relations within various parts of the pattern 9) Prolepsis, or syntactic tautology implies recurrence of the noun subject in the form of the corresponding personal pronoun. The stylistic function of this construction is communicative em­phasis of the «theme» It is also a typical feature of the oral and uneducated speech.

Parallel constructions are formed by the same syntactical pattern closely following one another. Par. c-s effect the rhythmical org-n of the paragraph.It is widely used in oratorical speech. 2 types of parallelism:

a) complete(the str-re of the whole sent-ce is repeated),b)partial(some parts of the successive s-ces/clauses are repeated)

- the reversed parallel constr-n(chiasmus)(I know the world the world knows me)

The 2^nd part of ch-s – the inversion of the 1^st construction.