3/ Classification of nouns.

Includes proper and common names. the difference in them is that proper names are practically not used with determiners. proper names function as labels with little semantic content. Proper names are seldom used as count nouns, and if used, they get national cultural connotation. proper names are more concrete.

Common nouns comprise the vast majority of nouns. They’re divided into count and mass. noncountable nouns in a context may become countable, for example: i like coffee. Give us three coffees, please. i hate music except new musics. There is a difference of noun usage according to variant of English, for example: accommodation is a countable noun in american english it can be used in plural number, whereas in british english it's always mass. Mass and count nouns are formal categories while concrete and abstract nouns is semantic. Concrete nouns are prototypical, because they denoted nominated objects. Abstract nouns indicated nontangible entities, qualities and they're usually mass cnouns.

There also collective nouns and general nouns which can always be transformed into count nouns. General nouns can be variable and non-variable.

CASE

The problem of case in Modern English nouns is one of the most vexed problems in English grammar. This can be seen from the fact that views on the subject differ widely. The most usual view is that English nouns have two cases: a common case (e. g. father) and a genitive (or possessive) case (e. g. father's). Side by side with this view there are a number of other views, which can be roughly clas¬sified into two main groups: (1) the number of cases in English is more than two, (2) there are no cases at all in English nouns.. The first of these can again be subdivided into the views that the number of cases in English nouns is three, or four, or five, or even an indefinite quantity. Among those who hold that there are no cases in English nouns there is again a variety of opinions as to the relations between the forms father and father's, -etc.

Another view of the case system in English nouns must also be mentioned here, namely the view that we should distinguish between a nominative and an objective case, though there is no difference between the two in any English noun. Such a differentiation could only be based on the fact that personal pronouns {/, he, she, we, they] and the pronoun who have different forms for these cases (I — me, etc.). If, therefore, we start on the assump¬tion that the system of cases is bound to be the same in these pro¬nouns and in all nouns, we shall be led to acknowledge the two cases in nouns. However, there would seem to be no necessity to endorse this view. It is probably more advisable to consider ' the case system of nouns without taking into account that of the per¬sonal pronouns,

4/ Adjective

adjective is a notional part of speech denoting characteristic, quality, sometimes state. Adjectives derived from the comon category of name when two names were used together, and the first began to denote attributive characteristics of the second, so the unction of adjectives is to specify nouns. They give information about the size, color, shape and appearance of object. they are usually defined by their distribution according to the place of word strings. We usually find the in two positions:

in nouns phrase they preceed the noun;

in predicative position as part of a compound nominative predicate.

some adjectives can occur in post and preposition and are called central. some adjectives such as former, chief, utter are used only in preposition. Other adjective such as asleep, awake are used only in post position. These restricted adjectives are called periferal.

Attributive adjectives indicated qualities of nouns which are permanent, like size and color. Predicative adjectives indicated nonpermanent feautres.

in the exaple: my uncle's large old country barn there are two nouns and two adjectives used attributively. "uncle's" and "country" approach adjectives, and in modern grammar they're called adjectivals belonging to the perferic nouns.

a small group of adjectives called substantivized also form the perfery of the part of speech because words like "the rich", "the poor" get nominal characeristics, they're used with the article. several of such adjectives may even have the plural numbers: native - natives, revolutionary - revolutionaries.

adjectives in english form semantically and structurally organized class of words with limited grammatical categories of degrees of comparison and only two syntactical functions.

6classifications of Verb.

Verb is one of the central notional parts of speech denoting action, state and sometimes modality. english verbs are classified morphologically due to the way of forming past tesne and participle II, that is regular or week verbs and irregular, formerly strong verbs which form past tense and participle II by gradation.

Another classification of verbs is functional, into lexical (notional) and auxiliary. Lexical verbs are used as a main verb in a verb phrase. They express categories of tense, aspect, person and number. Auxiliary verbs are assistance of lexical and are restricted in forms and distribution. Auxiliarlies are subdivided into primary and modal auxiliaries. Primary include the vebs "to be", "to have', and "to do", and they may be used both as auxiliary and notional verbs. The second group of auxiliaries is modal verbs. Modals are responsible for the particular mood in the verb phrase. they indicate permission, intension and compulsion. Modal verbs can cover occur in english as main verbs. they are defective in structure. Semantically english verbs may be limiting and nonlimiting.

There are catinative verbs. Example: he tries to begin to stop smoking.

Further semantic classifications of verbs include verbs of motion, speaking.

Grammatical categories of english verbs include the main and dependent. 3 main categories: tense, voice and mood. Dependent categories are: aspect, person, number, transitiveness which is not as important in English as it is in Russian, because one and the same verb can be transitive and intransitive.