Nonfinite forms of the verb.

Grammar studies and verbstudies may be sintagmatically important, that is, the meaning of the corresponding verbal form is connected with the meaning of the form of some other word in a sentence. one group os such forms includes purely verbal categories which are absent in other parts of speech: tense, aspect, mood and voice. they don't depend on the forms of other words in a sentence, but the second group includes categories which express connections to other words which are sintagmatically important and depend on the form of some othr word in syntactical structures. there exist special forms of english words characterized by the verbal meaning, but possessing only purely grammatical categories. Such forms are called nonfinite forms, verbals or verbids. all of them are historically developed from verbal names so they're sometimes called nominative verbal forms. verbals are included into the system of the verb because first, they preserve verbal meaning, then they may be formed from all existing verbs.. Third, they possess paradigms, the set of all possible forms to express one category. The fourth prove that verbal’s completely coincide with finite forms of verbs; they may be defined by adverbs like verbs. Nonfinite forms include: infinitive, participle 1, participle 2 and gerund. Already in traditional grammar participle 1 and participle 2 are not opposed and united into one name -ing form. Morphologically gerund and participle are similar. They differ syntactically. The difference in them may be in functioning and in exactness of describing grammatical facts. Gerund is followed by preposition by the personal pronoun in the objective case and even historically participle 1 developed in a different way then gerund. Participle appeared from the combination of preposition +ing form added to the verb. Gerund appeared later than participle 1 and was followed by the preposition and not preceeded by it. The difference between the participle 1 and participle 2 is morphological, historical and functional. Morphologically participle 2 is the third form of a notional verb. it can be combined with modifiers of place, time reason. Participle 2 can be followed by an object and may perform both attributive and modifying functions. Participle 2 may be viewed as a purely verbal form because it is closely connected with the original verb. Infinitive is also a verbal form, the basis of the verb and it may be simple and complex.

Nonfinite forms of the verb represent the complex system of English verbs, they form secondary predicative structures and functions as one complex sentence member.

9/ The pronoun.

(1) The meaning of the pronoun as a separate part of speech is somewhat difficult to define. In fact, some pronouns share essential peculiarities of nouns (e.g. he), while others have much in common with adjectives (e.g. which). This made some scholars think that pronouns were not a separate part of speech at all and should be distributed between nouns and adjectives. However, this view proved untenable and entailed insurmountable difficulties. Hence it has proved necessary to find a definition of the specific meaning of pronouns, distinguishing them from both nouns and adjectives. From this angle the meaning of pronouns as a part of speech can be stated as follows: pronouns point to the things and properties without naming them. Thus, for example, the pronoun it points to a thing without being the name of any particular class of things. The pronoun its points to the property of a thing by referring it to another thing. The pronoun what can point both to a thing and a property.

(2) Form. As far as form goes pronouns fall into different types. Some of them have the category of number (singular and plural), e. g. this, while others have no such category, e. g. somebody. Again, some pronouns have the category of case (he — him, somebody — somebody's], while others have none (something).

(3) Function, (a) Some pronouns combine with verbs (he speaks, find him), while others can also combine with a following noun (this room), (b) In the sentence, some pronouns may be the subject (he, what) or the object, while others are the attribute (my). Pronoun can be predicative.

Классификация местоимений 1. Личные (personal): /, he, she, it, we, you, they.

2. Притяжательные (possessive): my, his, her, its, our, your, their.

3. Возвратные (reflexive): myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourself (yourselves), themselves.

4. Взаимные (reciprocal): each other, one another.

5. Указательные (demonstrative): this (these), that (those), such, the same.

6. Вопросительные (interrogative): who, whose, what, which.

7. Определительные (defining): each, every, everybody, everyone, everything, all, either, both, other, another.

8. Неопределенные (indefinite): some, any, somebody, anybody, something, anything, someone, anyone, one.

9. Отрицательные (negative): no, none, neither, nobody, no one, nothing.

Местоимения в русском и английском очень различаются, курсы английского языка помогут отчетливо различать их значение.

Личные местоимения

Местоимение It

1. There is a new film on, but I haven't seen it

Личное (он, она, оно)заменяет yet.

неодушевленное существительное.

2. Указательное (это).

Идет новый фильм, но я его еще не видела.

I bought a new book 5 days ago, but I haven't opened it yet.

Я купила новую книгу 5 дней назад, но еще не открывала ее.

It is our new theatre. Это наш новый театр.

3. Безличное (не переводится) It is difficult / necessary / important / используется как формальное interesting to know... Трудно / необходимо / подлежащее. важно знать...

4. Входит в состав - It was him that 1 met in the park yesterday.

усилительного Именно его я встретила вчера в парке.

оборота it is... that (не

переводится).

Взаимные местоимения

each other

one another

Предполагает два участника действия. О Torn and Ann looked at each other. Том и Энн

взглянулифугна друга.

Используется, когда речь идет

о двух или болееучастниках.

People in the hall looked at one another. Люди в

зале смотрели друг на друга.

Сравните:

... selves (себя)

Tom and Ann stood in front of the mirror and looked at them

Том и Энн стояли напротив зеркала и смотрели на себя.

each other/one another

How long have Tom and Ann known each other? Как долго Том и Энн знают друг друга?

Указательные местоимения

Единственное число

this - этот that - тот

Множественное число

these - эти those - те

Относятся к одушевленным и неодушевленным предметам.

• "I like that man," he said to his brother. She wanted to buy this dress very much.

• When were those houses built?

same - такой же, Последующее существительное всегда

тот же используется с определенным артиклем the.

We were in the same class.

such - такой За местоимением such всегда следует

существительное с неопределенным артиклем а /ап. О Не was such a nice fellow. The same... such a..