1.Structure of English. Analytical character of English.

History of English, 16 centuries, structure of English changed from synthetical to analytical, and this process is not completed. english belongs to inflectional languages, but the number of inflections (endings) is limited in modern english to three which are homonymous. Ending -s has three usages: one of each is to indicated third personal singular number present tense indicative mood. Second usage is index of plural number of countable nouns. the third usage is index of the possessive case of the personified and temporal nouns.

-ed is also homonymous. The first usages is the past indefinite tense index of regular verbs. Second usage is past participle index.

-ing has three usages. the first is participle 1 index, second is gerund, the third is verbal noun.

analytical character of English is proved by the presence of analytical constructions in which there is a separate realization of lexical and grammatical. Such constructions consist of 2 or more units in which the first expresses grammatical, ad the last - lexical. Example: i have been studying since 2009. Have been expresses tense aspect, voice, personal. "Studying" is more lexical meaning, while "have been" is grammatical, abstract, general.

the difference between synthetical and analytical structures are that in the first grammatical categories are expressed within a word by endings, mutation. in analytical structures grammar is expressed outside a word by auxiliaries, fixed word order and formal sentence members.

english is not a pure analytical language, but through gradual changes it tends to be completely analytical.

Analytical character of English in morphology.

grammar consists of 2 parts: morphology which studies parts of speech and word structure and syntax wheals with phrases, sentences and relations between them. most analytical part of speech is a verb which has grammatical categories of tense and aspect (вид). only present and past indefinite tense forms are not analytical expressed if they are used in active voice indicative mood. all other tense forms are analitically expressed.

the only argued question in this aspect is the status of future tenses. According to Otto Jespersen there are no formal future tenses in English because verbs shall and will preserve their lexical meaning of modality.

Category of mood includes three moods, indicative which coincides with the tense form of the verb; imperative which is analytically expressed in negative forms and in argued forms with the verb "to let": "let me go home», «let me explain to you", "let us skip the class". the verb "let" is not pure auxiliary.

the third mood is subjunctive which has 2 groups: old subjunctive which is synthetically expressed: "if i were...", and new subjunctive which is analytically formed by should, would, might +infinitive, simple or perfect: i would have learned this subject had i been present at the lecture.

the category of voice includes at least 2: active which coincides with the tense and aspect forms, and passive which is always analytical, and argued reflexive (i address myself, they enjoy themselves), and reciprocal (they help each other). Pronouns "self" and "one another preserve their lexical meaning.

Adjectives have only one grammatical category - degrees of comparison formed depending on the number of syllables in a word: cold - colder - the coldest; monotonous - more monotonous - the most monotonous. in polysyllabic adjectives degrees of comparison are formed analitically by adding adverbs more and most to the adjective, but more and most preserve their concrete lexical meaning may be doubled and substituted by antonyms less and least which is impossible for auxiliary verbs.

other parts of speech do not have analitical realization of grammatical categories. some modern grammarians think that article + noun and preposition + noun are not lexical phrases, but analitical constructions. the latter express cases, and the first - the category of reference.

analitical character of english in syntax.

English has a fixed word order for various sentence types SPO for affirmative, S + auxiliary P O for negative, auxiliary +SPO for interrogative.

2. in english tthere are formal sentence members: formal subject and formal object: it (subject) is snowing. i find it (object) to listen to the lecture.

3. there are pro words in english in the fixed positions: i like to sleep, so does my cat. i don't like to study, neither does he. give me that cake, the one with the roses, please. i want my bag and that of your friend.

4. there are modeled patterns to express thought in english.

5. english has mainly nominal not verbal character of expressing thought.

theories of analitical character of english.

1. young grammarians explained it by the shift of stress to the first root syllable in germanic languages already in prewritten period this shift lead to the reduction of unstressed vowels in middle english and gradual loss of endings in modern english. it is not true of all germanic languages. german has many endings, but stress is on the first root syllable.

2. theory of substratum of antoine meyet. he explained the loss of endgins by the influence of celtic languages. the language of the conquerers doesn't always borrow structural characteristic of the language of the conquered people.

3. theory of language economy. english may have structural economy, but it has developed vocabulary which compensates this economy.

4. german linguists speak about grammatical redundancy and explain that only such grammatical categories are preserved in english that have several forms.

there are no ideal theories which explain analytical structures of