Must, Have to, Be to

Meaning

Forms

Ways of rendering into Ukrainian

Other ways

to express the same meaning

Sentence patterns

1. a) obligation, real necessity with no freedom of choice or from the speaker’s point of view

(in statements and questions)

b) obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances or based on a law or rule, or on the authority of another person (in questions and statements)

c) obligation arising out of a plan or an arrangement (in statements and questions)

must do – present

had to do – past

‘ll have to do – future

have to do

had to do

‘ll have to do

am to do

is to do

are to do

was to do

were to do

повинен

треба

повинен був

довелося

доведеться

доводить-ся

повинен

повинен

повинні були

to be obliged to

it’s necessary for smb to do smth

to be obliged

to plan

to make a plan

to arrange

to decide

What must he do to keep fit? I must go there tonight.

I had to go there yesterday.

I’ll have to go there tomorrow.

If you don’t take care of yourself, you’ll have to consult a doctor.

It’s raining. I have to take an umbrella.

When are you to go there?

I was to meet her at the station.

2. order-admonition

must do

mustn’t do

повинен

You mustn’t miss this film. It’s worth while seeing it. You must come and see my flat.

3. strict order

(in statements)

am to do

is to do

are to do

was / were to do

повинен

You are to take a spoonful of this after each meal.

4. prohibition

(in negatives)

mustn’t do

не повинен

не можна

to be forbidden

You mustn’t stay away from classes without a good reason.

5. strict prohibition

am not to do

is not to do

are not to do

was / were not to do

не можна

You are not to leave this room.

6. something thought of as unavoidable (in statements and negatives)

am to do

is to do

are to do

was / were to do

судилося

perhaps, maybe, possibly

I was still hoping to get a letter from her, but it wasn’t to be.

7. absence of necessity or obligation

don’t / doesn’t have to do

haven’t / hasn’t got to do

didn’t have to do

won’t have to do

не потрібно

не має необхід-ності

You don’t have to go to England if you want to learn English.

8. supposition implying assurance and strong probability, the most logical interpretation of a situation

must do

must be doing

must have done

must have been doing

певно

мабуть

напевно

очевидно

probably, evidently, surely, no doubt, undoubtedly, it’s clear that, in all probability

She must be waiting for us there.

He must have done it.

Meaning

Forms

Ways of rendering into Ukrainian

Other ways

to express the same meaning

Sentence patterns

1. absence of necessity (in negatives)

needn’t do

needn’t have done (denotes that smth, that has been done, was unnecessary

не має не обхід-ності

можна не

дарма

не потрібно було

There is no need to do it. It’s not necessary to it.

There is no necessity to do it

The tutor needn’t explain such simple things. We know them quite well.

We needn’t have brought our books on economics. We are having a class in English instead.

2. permission not to smth

you needn’t do

можете не

You needn’t do it.