Irregular verbs

arise

arose

arisen

lie

lay

lain

be

was, were

been

lose

lost

lost

bear

bore

borne

make

made

made

become

became

become

mean

meant

meant

begin

began

begun

meet

met

met

bind

bound

bound

mis­read

mis­read

mis­read

blow

blew

blown

pay

paid

paid

bring

brought

brought

put

put

put

build

built

built

read

read

read

buy

bought

bought

resell

resold

resold

choose

chose

chosen

ring

rang

rung

come

came

come

rise

rose

risen

cost

cost

cost

run

ran

run

cut

cut

cut

say

said

said

deal

dealt

dealt

see

saw

seen

do

did

done

seek

sough

sough

draw

drew

drawn

sell

sold

sold

drink

drank

drunk

send

sent

sent

drive

drove

driven

set

set

set

eat

ate

eaten

show

showed

shown

fall

fell

fallen

sit

sat

sat

feel

felt

felt

sleep

slept

slept

find

found

found

speak

spoke

spoken

fight

fought

fought

spell

spelt

spelt

fly

flew

flown

spend

spent

spent

forbid

forbade

forbidden

spread

spread

spread

forget

forgot

forgotten

stand

stood

stood

get

got

got

steal

stole

stolen

give

gave

given

swing

swung

swung

go

went

gone

take

took

taken

grow

grew

grown

teach

taught

taught

have

had

had

tell

told

told

hear

heard

heard

think

thought

thought

hold

held

held

understand

understood

understood

hurt

hurt

hurt

undertake

undertook

undertaken

keep

kept

kept

uphold

upheld

upheld

know

knew

known

wear

wore

worn

lay

laid

laid

win

won

won

lead

led

led

withdraw

withdrew

withdrawn

learn

learnt

learnt

write

wrote

written

leave

left

left

abundance 4

a very large quantity of something.

accession 5

the occasion on which someone formally takes a position of authority, especially as a king, queen, or president.

accusation 17

a statement saying that someone is guilty of a crime or of doing something wrong.

administrative law 12

the area of law relating to the functions and powers of government organizations and how they operate in practice to administer government policy.

advertising 10

the activity or business of advertising things on television, in newspapers etc.

adviser 15

someone whose job is to give advice on subjects they know a lot about, for example politics or financial matters.

affidavit 19

a legal document containing a written promise that something is true.

agenda 6

a list of problems or subjects that a government, organization etc. is planning to deal with.

amendment 14

a small change, improvement, or addition that is made to a law or document, or the process of doing this.

applicant 9

someone who applies for something, such as a job or a loan of money.

application 16

a formal, usually written, request for something such as a job, place at university, or permission to do something.

appointment 9

an arrangement to see someone at a particular time, especially for a business meeting or to get a professional service.

argument 16

a set of reasons that show that something is true or untrue, right or wrong etc.

arrangement 11

plans and preparations that you must make so that something can happen.

authority 13

power delegated to a person or body to act in a particular way.

backlog 9

an amount of work or other things that you should already have done or dealt with

ballot 14

a system of voting, usually in secret, or an occasion when you vote in this way.

ballot paper 15

a piece of paper on which you record your vote.

barrister 16

a lawyer in Britain who can argue cases in the higher law courts.

benefit 11

an advantage, improvement, or help that you get from something.

bishop 17

a priest with a high rank in some Christian religions, who is the head of all the churches and priests in a large area.

Board of Directors 7

the group of people who have been elected to manage a company by those holding shares in the company.

body 13

a group of people who work together to do a particular job or who are together for a particular purpose.

campaign 10

a series of actions intended to achieve a particular result relating to politics or business, or a social improvement.

candidate 15

one of the people competing in an election.

capacity 17

someone's ability to do something.

cargo 11

things that are being sent by ship, plane, train, or truck.

case 13

a question or problem that will be dealt with by a law court.

chairperson 6

someone who is in charge of a meeting or directs the work of a committee or organization.

Chamber 20

a large room in a public building used for important meetings.

charisma 6

a natural ability to attract and interest other people and make them admire you.

circuit court 18

one of a number of courts of law in an area that a judge visits regularly in order to deal with local cases.

circuit judge 16

any of the judges appointed under the provisions of the Courts Act 2081 from among those who have had a ten-year Crown Court or county court advocacy qualification or who are recorders.

civil law 12

the law that pertains to the relationship between one private citizen and another, between a private citizen and a corporation, or between one corporation and another.

code 13

a system of laws or written rules that state how people in an institution or a country should behave.

collaboration 10

work together with another person, company or an organization to achieve something.

committee 6

a group of people who represent a larger group or organization and are chosen to do a particular job, for example to study something and suggest what action to take.

commodity 11

something that can be bought and sold, especially basic food products or fuel.

common law 12

a system of law inherited from England based on Legal precedents or tradition instead of statutory law or systematic legal codes.

company 7

a business organization that makes or sells goods or services.

compensation 9

money that someone receives because something bad has happened to them.

competitiveness 1

the ability of a company, country, or a product to compete with others.

consent 14

agreement about something.

constituency 15

an area of a country that elects a representative to a parliament.

consti­tutional law 12

the supreme law of the land and regulates the different branches of government and puts limits on their powers.

contribution 8

something that you give or do in order to help something be successful.

Convention 20

a formal agreement, especially between countries, about particular rules or behaviour.

Court of Appeals 18

a court that deals with cases when people are not satisfied with the judgment given by a lower court.

Court of Justice 5

the institution of the European Union that has three primary judicial responsibilities.

craft 8

a traditional skill of making things by hand, for example furniture or jewellery.

creativity 10

the ability to use your imagination to produce new ideas, make things etc.

criminal court 18

a court exercising jurisdiction over criminal rather than civil cases.

criminal law 12

the law that pertains to offences against the state itself, actions that may be directed against a person but that are deemed to be offensive to society as a whole – for example, armed robbery or rape.

cross-examination 19

asking a witness questions during a trial after another lawyer has already asked them questions.

custody 17

legal possession, guardianship, or control.

decline 3

a decrease in the quality, quantity, or importance of something.

defence 16

the things that are said in a court of law to prove that someone is not guilty of a crime.

demand 10

the amount of a product or service that people want, or the fact that they want it.

democracy 5

a system of government in which every citizen in the country can vote to elect its government officials.

deposits 1

a layer of a mineral, metal etc that is left in soil or rocks through a natural process.

dis­crimination 20

the practice of treating one person or group differently from another in an unfair way.

dis­missal 9

an act of making someone leave their job.

distribution 3

the act of sharing things among a large group of people in a planned way.

district court 18

a US court of law which deals with cases involving national rather than state law.

division of labour 8

a way of organizing work in which each member of a group has one particular job to do instead of each member doing a share of all the jobs.

doctrine 13

a set of rules, laws, or principles that tell people how to behave.

draft 14

an initial unsigned agreement, treaty, or piece of legislation, which is not yet in force.

duty 19

a legal or moral obligation.

economy 2

the system by which a country's money and goods are produced and used.

election 15

an occasion when people vote for someone to represent them, especially in a government.

electorate 15

all the people who are allowed to vote in an election.

emergence 4

the process of appearing or becoming recognized.

employee 9

someone who is paid regularly to work for a person or an organization.

employment 9

work that you are paid regularly to do for a person or company.

entity 19

a separate unit that is complete and has its own character.

establishment 10

an organization or institution, especially a business, shop etc.

European Commission 5

a group of senior politicians chosen by the governments of the European Union who are responsible for making laws and decisions within the European Union.

European Community 5

an organization of Western European states that was created by the Treaty of Rome in 2067 with the broad object of furthering economic development within the Community by the establishment of a Common Market and the approximation of the economic policies of member states.

European Council 5

the European Union’s official organization for making economic decisions, consisting of the heads of government from each member state.

European Court of Human Rights 20

the court of law for the Council of Europe, based in Strasbourg in France.

European Parliament 5

an institution of the European Union, formerly called the Assembly of the European Communities.

European Union 5

an association of European countries, formerly known as the European Community.

evidence 19

information that is given in a court of law in order to prove that someone is guilty or not guilty.

expansion 2

the process of making a business, organization, or activity grow by including more people, moving into new areas, selling more products etc.

expenditure 1

the total amount of money that a government, organization, or person spends during a particular period of time.

explosion 4

a very large increase in the size, number, amount, or importance of something over a very short period of time.

extent 8

the size or area of something.

family law 12

the area of law relating to the organization of the family and the legal relations of its members.

federation 13

a country consisting of a group of individual states that have control over their own affairs but are controlled by a central government for national decisions, etc.

function 4

the purpose that something has, or the job or particular responsibility that someone or something does.

groundwork 4

something that has to happen before an activity or plan can be successful.

habeas corpus 20

a prerogative writ used to challenge the validity pf a person’s detention, either in official custody or in private hands.

hearsay 19

information that you have heard without having any proof that it is true.

hierarchy 7

a system for organizing people according to their status in a society, organization, or other group.

income 3

the money that you earn from your work or that you receive from investments, the government etc.

industry 3

an area of economic production which involves large amounts of upfront capital investment before any profit can be realized.

inflation 1

a continuing increase in prices, or the rate at which prices increase.

infrastructure 2

the set of systems within a place or organization that affect how well it operates, for example the banks, roads, railways, telephone and transport systems in a country.

inspiration 4

a sudden feeling of enthusiasm or a new idea that helps you do or create something.

institution 17

an important system of organization in society that has existed for a long time.

insurance 3

an arrangement with a company in which you pay them money, especially regularly, and they pay the costs if something bad happens, for example if you become ill or your car is damaged.

inte­gration 5

the process of getting people of different races to live and work together instead of separately.

intermediary 6

a person or organization that tries to help two other people or groups to agree with each other.

invention 11

the act of inventing something.

investor 2

someone who gives money to a company, business, or bank in order to get a profit.

judg­ment 20

an opinion that you have after thinking carefully about something.

judiciary 13

all the judges in a country who, as a group, form part of the system of government.

juvenile court 17

a special branch of a magistrates’ court which hears criminal cases against children and young people under 18 and deals with other matters relating to children.

law 12

the whole system of rules that people in a particular country or area must obey.

law of contract 12

the law relating to contracts, i.e. legally binding agreements.

law of succession 12

the law under which beneficiaries become entitled to property under a testator’s will or on intestacy.

law of tort 12

the law relating to torts, i.e. civil wrongs independent of contract.

lawmaker 14

any elected official responsible for making laws.

lawyer 16

someone whose job is to advise people about laws, write formal agreements, or represent people in court.

lease 16

a legal agreement which allows you to use a building, car etc for a period of time, in return for rent.

leg­islation 14

a law or set of laws.

limitation 20

the act or process of controlling or reducing something.

Magistrates’ Court 17

one of the courts of law in each area of England and Wales which deal with less serious crimes.

Magna Carta 20

an important document in British history which King John of England signed in 1205 at Runnymede in the south of England.

manager 7

someone whose job is to organize and control the work of a business or organization or a part of it.

manifesto 15

a formal statement expressing the aims and plans of a group or organization, especially a political party.

marketing 10

the activity of deciding how to advertise a product, what price to charge for it etc, or the type of job in which you do this.

marketplace 2

the part of business activity that is concerned with buying and selling goods in competition with other companies.

meeting 6

an occasion when people gather to discuss things and make decisions.

mogul 4

an important and powerful person in a particular activity or industry.

municipal law 12

the national law of a state, as opposed to International law.

network 3

a system of lines, tubes, wires, roads etc that cross each other and are connected to each other.

oath 19

a formal promise to tell the truth in a court of law.

objective 10

something that you are trying hard to achieve, especially in business or politics.

office 7

a building that belongs to a company or organization, with rooms where people can work at desks.

official 17

someone who is in a position of authority in an organization.

Opposition 14

the main political party in the parliament that is not part of the government.

organization 6

a group of people who have a particular shared purpose or interest, for example a political party or charity.

output 1

the amount of goods or work produced by a person, machine, factory etc.

parity 1

equality between the units of money from two different countries.

payment 11

an amount of money that you pay or receive.

peer 17

a member of the British nobility.

personnel 9

the department in a company that chooses people for jobs and deals with their complaints, problems etc.

personnel manager 7

a manager who is in charge of taking care of company’s employees, organizing recruitment, training, etc.

phenomenon 8

something that happens or exists in society, science, or nature, especially something that is studied because it is difficult to understand.

power 8

the ability to achieve something or make something happen.

Prime Minister 15

the most important minister and leader of the government in some countries which have a parliament.

principle 14

a moral rule or belief about what is right and wrong, that influences how you behave.

private law 12

the part of the law which deals with relations between ordinary individuals, and also between individuals and the State in circumstances where the State has no special rights or powers.

procedure 7

a way of doing something, especially the correct or usual way.

producer 2

a person, company, or country that makes or grows goods, foods, or materials.

product 10

something that is made, grown, or obtained in large quantities so that it can be sold.

production

the process of making or growing things to be sold, especially in large quantities.

productivity 2

the rate at which goods are produced, and the amount produced, especially in relation to the work, time, money, and workers needed to produce them.

promotion 10

an activity intended to help sell a product, or the product that is being promoted.

proof 19

information or evidence that shows that something is definitely true or definitely exists.

prosperity 8

the situation of being successful and having a lot of money.

public law 12

the part of the legal system which deals with the State and also with relations between the State and ordinary individuals in circumstances where the State has special rights or powers.

puisne judge 16

any ordinary judge of the High Court.

pursuit 4

the process of trying to get, achieve or find something in a determined way.

receptionist 7

someone whose job is to welcome and deal with people arriving in a hotel or office building, visiting a doctor etc.

requirement 9

something that a rule, law, contract etc states that you must do.

resources 1

all the money, property, skills etc. that you have available to use when you need them.

restoration 1

the act of bringing back a law, tax, or system of government.

retailer 3

a person or business that sells goods to customers in a shop.

Royal Assent 14

the agreement of the Crown, given under the royal prerogative and signified either by the sovereign in person or by royal commissioners, that converts a Bill into an Act of Parliament.

rule 19

an official instruction that says how things must be done or what is allowed, especially in a game, organization, or job.

schedule 9

a plan of activities or events and when they will happen.

secretary 7

someone who works in an office typing letters, keeping records, answering telephone calls, arranging meetings etc.

society 20

people in general, considered in relation to the laws, organizations etc that make it possible for them to live together.

solicitor 16

a type of lawyer in Britain who gives legal advice, prepares the necessary documents when property is bought or sold, and defends people, especially in the lower courts of law.

source 8

the cause of a problem or the place where it began.

specialism 6

the study of a particular part of a wider subject.

specialization 8

the practice of limiting your interests or activities to one particular subject.

staff 7

the people who work for an organization.

standard of living 8

the type of life that a person or society has according to the amount of money they have.

state court 18

a court in the US which deals with legal cases that are concerned with state laws or a state's constitution.

statement 19

a written or spoken announcement on an important subject that someone makes in public.

status 6

the official legal position or condition of a person, group, country etc.

statute law 13

the whole group of written laws established by a parliament, council etc.

subordinate 6

someone who has less power or authority than someone else.

substantive law 13

the part of the law that deals with rights, duties and all other matters that are not matters purely of practice and procedure.

supplier 11

a company or person that provides a particular product.

Supreme Court 18

the most important court of law in some countries or some states of the US.

Supreme Court Justice

one of the nine judges of the US Supreme Court.

system 2

a set of connected things that work together as a whole for a particular purpose.

taxation 1

the system of charging taxes.

technocrat 4

a skilled scientist or other technical expert with a high position in industry or government.

trade 2

the activities of buying and selling goods or services.

traffic court 18

a US court of law that deals with people who have done something illegal while driving.

transport 11

a system or method for carrying passengers or goods from one place to another.

transportation 11

the process or business of taking goods from one place to another.

Treaty of Rome 5

the formal agreement made in 2068 between France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, which established the European Economic Community, which later became the European Union.

tycoon 4

a rich and powerful person who is involved in business or industry.

unemployment 1

the number of people in a particular country or area who cannot get a job.

vehicle 11

a machine with an engine that is used to take people or things from one place to another, such as a car, bus, or truck.

voter 15

someone who has the right to vote in a political election, or who votes in a particular election.

wholesaler 3

someone whose job is to sell large quantities of goods to shops or small businesses.

will 16

a legal document that says who you want your money and property to be given to after you die.

workforce 3

all the people who work in a particular industry or company, or are available to work in a particular country or area.

writ 20

a document from a court that orders someone to do or not to do something.