Vocabulary exercises

I.

1. c

2. b

3. j

4. i

5. d

6. f

7. h

8. e

9. g

10. a

II.

1. d

2. a

3. g

4. f

5. e

6. b

7. c

III.

1. 2k 3f

2. 2b 3h

3. 2l 3j

4. 2c 3a

5. 2i 3k

6. 2g 3i

7. 2d 3e

8. 2a 3l

9. 2h 3g

10. 2e 3d

11. 2f 3c

12. 2j 3b

V.

1. judgmental; 2. judge; 3. judgment; 4. judge; 5. judges; 6. judged; 7. judgment; 8. judgment; 9. judged; 10. judgment.

VI.

1. out-of-court/voluntary settlement; 2. commuted punishment; 3. limited freedom; 4. execute а judgment; 5. freedom of speech; 6. freedom of religion/worship; 7. make/pass/pronounce/render a judgment; 8. high/severe penalty; 9. legal detention; 10. legal/legitimate right; 11. light/mild punishment; 12. long-term prisoner; 13. army prisoner.

VII.

1. b

2. f

3. d

4. b

5. f

6. b

7. a

8. e

9. d

10. d

11. f

12. b

13. b

14. f

15. g

16. c

17. c, f, e

18. f

19. c

20. c

21. c

22. c

23. f

24. f

VIII.

1. against; 2. for; 3. by; 4. by; 5. to; 6. of; 7. by; 8. in; 9. of; 10. before; 11. for; 12. of; 13. under; 14. from; 15. to; 16. in.

IX.

1. complaint; 2. imprisonment; 3. freedom; 4. comment; 5. priority; 6. penalty; 7. judgments; 8. settlement; 9. applications; 10. rights.

III.

1. c

2. f

3. b

4. l

5. d

6. e

7. n

8. h

9. m

10. a

11. g

12. j

13. i

14. k

IV.

1. e

2. c

3. d

4. i

5. b

6. f

7. a

8. h

9. g

10. j

V.

1. for, of, over, in, on; 2. down, in, on; 3. in, for; 4. in, out, in, of, in; 5. in, to, for, out, in, in; 6. out, of; 7. on, out, to, of; 8. on, up, in, after, of; 9. for, to, of, in; 10. on, into.

VI.

1. a, _, the; 2. an, a, _, _, _; 3. the, the, the, _; 4. a, the, _; 5. _, the, the; 6. the, the, a, _; 7. the, the, the; 8. the, the, a, a, the; 9. the, a, the, the, a; 10. a.

VII.

1. Chamber, complaint, admissible, comments; 2. permanent, breached, apply direct; 3. application, habeas corpus; 4. sue, claim damages, imprisonment; 5. Magna Carta; 6. limitations, society; 7. Universal Declaration, General Assembly, United Nations; 8. negotiated set­tlement, give a judg­ment; 9. basic rights, freedoms; 10. detained, writ.

IX.

1. The arrested per­son has the right to be told of the reason for his arrest and brought before a court within a reason­able time. 2. In the English legal system the right to liberty has been important for centuries and was set out in the Magna Carta, an important document in British history. 3. In order to protect the rights set out in the Convention, a Court of Human Rights was established in 1959. 4. The European Convention on Human Rights was drawn up in order to try and protect people's rights after the horrors of the Second World War. 5. Other European countries have joined the Council of Europe and signed the Convention, making 32 members in 1994. 6. When we say that we live in a free society, we mean by this that everyone has certain basic rights and freedoms. 7. The Convention fol­lowed the Universal Declaration on Human Rights made by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1948. 8. The Convention sets out the rights and free­doms that the people of Europe should have. 9. The Council of Europe is not part of the present European Union but a separate interna­tional organization formed in 1949. 10. In developed countries today the rights and free­doms of the individual are regarded as important.

II.

1. participate; 2. became; 3. have especially won; 4. lasted; 5. disturbs; 6. choose; 7. remained; 8. began; 9. are; 10. has been.

III.

1. isn’t it? 2. don’t they? 3. doesn’t it? 4. didn’t it? 5. didn’t it? 6. didn’t they? 7. wasn’t it? 8. didn’t it? 9. doesn’t it? 10. doesn’t it?

V.

1. has been found; 2. were nationalized; 3. were passed; 4. were undertaken; 5. is demon­strated; 6. are privately owned; 7. was caused; 8. were gradually reduced; 9. is generally described; 10. are disturbed.

III.

1. 2a 3b 3c

2. 4a 5b 1c

3. 5a 2b 2c

4. 1a 1b 5c

5. 3a 4b 4c

IV.

1. wanting; 2. injured; 3. alarming, howling; 4. following; 5. describing; 6. required; 7. receiving; 8. fallen; 9. involving; 10. managed.

V.

1. Having escaped from prison, he looked …; 2. Finding/having found no one at home, he left …; 3. Having spent all his money, he decided …; 4. Realizing that he had missed the train, he began …; 5. Having stolen the silver, he looked …; 6. Knowing that he was poor, I offered …; 7. Turning on the light, I was …; 8. Hoping to find the will, she searched …; 9. Having removed all traces of his crime, he left …; 10. Soaked to the skin, we reached … .

VI.

1. i

2. e

3. f

4. h

5. d

6. b

7. g

8. c

9. j

10. a

VII.

1. British ships, built of iron …; 2. Cornered by the police, …; 3. The show having been cancelled, …; 4. Having arrived at the flat, …; 5. Incoming mail …; 6. … playing the piano. 7. The remaining hours …; 8. … tasks undertaken in the office.

VIII.

1. All being well; 2. Judging by George’s attitude; 3. Considering the effort we put in; 4. spilling it all over the floor. 5. with piles of papers lying everywhere. 6. Talking of holidays.

IX.

1. Not having much money, I couldn't …; 2. Having waited hours, I was …; 3. Weather permitting, we might …; 4. Considering what's happened, I think …; 5. … to go riding. 6. … while driving a car. 7. … worrying all night. 8. With the stereo blasting out rock music, conversation … . 9. The winning team will … . 10. Having been invited to the wedding, we've … .

X.

1. І saw the window broken. 2. Have you had a photo taken? 3. They went quickly out of the house, he accompanying her to the station. 4. She had her hair done. 5. The rain having stopped we went home. 6. The letter being written, I went to post it. 7. I must have my watch repaired. 8. The day being very fine, she went for a walk. 9. Her face smiling, she came into the room. 10. Weather permitting, we'll spend our day off in the forest.

III.

1. becoming; 2. having barricaded; 3. having found; 4. having heard; 5. having heard; 6. having visited; 7. sleeping; 8. sitting, using; 9. thinking.

IV.

1. Customers complaining … ; 2. Passengers travelling … ; 3. The candidates sitting … ; 4. The plane flying … ; 5. The woman waiting … ; 6. There's a crime prevention scheme for people living … ; 7. There's a pension scheme for people working … ; 8. There's someone knocking … ; 9. Trains leaving … ; 10. What can you do about a dog barking … .

V.

1. Not knowing his … ; 2. Finding the front door … ; 3. Being short of … ; 4. The text being too difficult, the pupils … ; 5. The car being too dear, I can't … : 6. The story being easy enough, I can … ; 7. The weather being too bad, we couldn't … ; 8. The coat being too long, she can't … .

VI.

1. j

2. i

3. f

4. e

5. d

6. g

7. h

8. a

9. b

10. c

VIII.

1. As he believed that …; 2. When I read the letter …; 3. In his first race, the horse he was riding fell …; 4. Running into the room, she caught her foot on a rug and fell …; 5. Wading across ... I was swept off my feet by …; 6. When carrying . . . you should never point it …; 7. When a tank is being filled/When you are filling a tank …; 8. When leaving a car . . . you must leave the brakes …; 9. When paying by cheque, you must show …; 10. When planting . . . you must take care … .

IX.

1. He watched the snow falling. 2. He was standing, with his arms crossed and his head bent. 3. She was sitting, with her head and one arm lying on a chair. 4. They saw her coming out just now. 5. She sat down at the table, her hands beginning to tremble. 6. We found the old man and his granddaughter sitting at breakfast. 7. We saw the eye of the old doctor turned upon us for а moment.

8. The work was considered finished. 9. I saw him walking in the garden. 10. I saw her coming out just now.

II.

1. repairing; 2. garderning; 3. boxing; 4. arguing; 5. sleeping; 6. retiring; 7. complaining; 8. cutting; 9. making; 10. computing.

V.

1. in; 2. for; 3. of; 4. for; 5. of; 6. of; 7. by; 8. of; 9. for; 10. of.

VII.

1. c

2. j

3. d

4. h

5. b

6. m

7. l

8. f

9. e

10. g

11. k

12. i

13. n

14. a

VIII.

Possible answers

1. Fancy you/your meeting Miss N.! 2. I can't bear him/his whistling when I'm trying to concentrate. 3. I can't excuse her not answering our invitation. 4. I really miss you/your bringing me breakfast in bed. 5. Please forgive Jim/Jim's arriving so late. 6. They can't prevent us/our escaping. 7. Would you mind Jane/Jane's practising in the room next to yours? 8. You must pardon ту/me not getting up.

IX.

1. He is annoyed about having lost all that money. 2. He is surprised at having been found out. 3. I am sorry for having disturbed you. 4. I appreciate your having helped me. 5. I did not take it. I deny having taken it. 6. I do not mind his having been promoted above me. 7. I enjoy having worked with you. 8. I resent having been dismissed. 9. She is angry at having been posted abroad. 10. That explains his having been fired from his job.

X.

1. Your coming here is very desirable. 2. You were always in the habit of giving her toys. 3. He was afraid of my finding out the truth. 4. She was busy translating the article. 5. They stopped reading the notice. 6. The child continued sitting motionless. 7. We had come with the in­tention of saying something definite. 8. They were not worth looking at. 9. I don’t feel like working. 10. I told them of his coming there.

III.

1. shopping; 2. reading; 3. swimming; 4. gardening; 5. turning; 6. burning; 7. regretting; 8. drawing; 9. writing; 10. shopping.

IV.

1. of; 2. in; 3. for; 4. for; 5. for; 6. for; 7. before; 8. for; 9. in; 10. for.

VI.

1. I'm looking forward to going away. 2. I was aware of not having eaten for some time. 3. I was excited by the game in spite of being a neutral. 4. I was really annoyed at having been tricked/at being tricked out of my money. 5. I was sorry to hear the bad news. 6. I won't tolerate you/your telling lies about me. 7. In those days the copying of books was a laborious task. 8. At last we succeeded in getting the car started. 9. It isn't worth spending a whole day in the town. 10. We haven't a hope of finishing the work in time.

VII.

1. Everyone congratulated Emma on passing her test. 2. I admire the woman for getting to the top in her profession. 3. I don't remember having written a cheque. 4. We have the job of analysing the figures. 5. Let's do some fishing this weekend. 6. No boxer should resort to biting his opponent. 7. It was quite an experience riding/to ride in a racing-car. 8. The woman is famous for impersonating the Queen. 9. This crisis will necessitate me/my going into the office tomorrow. 10. Your not doing any work is a cause for concern.

VIII.

1. Gambling all your money away is ridiculous. 2. Sitting at a computer can be bad for you. 3. Travelling by train can be relaxing. 4. We can have fun going out to discos. 5. It іs no good feeling sorry for yourself. 6. I had problems getting to work. 7. There was no difficulty getting tickets. 8. It was a nuisance not having a map. 9. It is no use trying to repair the machine. 10. Seeing Madonna was quite a thrill.

IX.

1. She was trying to арproach without his seeing her. 2. І do not like him going there. 3. It's no use my telling you a lie. 4. І remember his sister taking part in the concert. 5. Forgive my saying it. 6. І hadn't much hope of its working. 7. І insist upon your staying. 8. І don't know the reason of your leaving. 9. І don't forgive you for being late for dinner. 10. I entered the room without his seeing it.

I.

1. looking/having looked; 2. Catching/having caught; 3. having been eaten; 4. having filled; 5. having searched; 6. biting; 7. being stared/stared; 8. having achieved; 9. hidden.

III.

1. thinking; 2. not knowing; 3. shouting; 4. violin playing; 5. thinking; 6. cooking; 7. singing; 8. breathing; 9. training; 10. refusing.

V.

1. d

2. i

3. c

4. a

5. j

6. h

7. g

8. f

9. b

10. e

VI.

1. As I passed/When I was passing … ; 2. When I am reading/When I read … ; 3. As he left … ; 4. I led the dog, barking furiously, out … ; 5. After I had paid my taxes, the amount … ; 6. As I was writing … ; 7. The boat, tied to a post, was being tossed up and down by the sea. 8. As the question had been misunderstood, the wrong answer … ; 9. We saw the first star, shining in the sky. 10. When driving carelessly it is easy to have an accident.

VII.

1. Always look in your mirror before driving off. 2. I am sure you'll have a great time without me/ my being there. 3. I bought this special brush for painting ceilings. 4. Far from enjoying the film, I was totally bored by it. 5. Since being mugged/Since the/my mugging, I've been afraid to go out on my own. 6. My friend is in trouble on account of (him/his) not renewing his visa. 7. On hearing the news, my sister fainted. 8. Sending an e-mail is quicker than posting a letter. 9. The prisoners escaped by digging a tunnel. 10. In borrowing money, we added to our problems.

IV.

1. go/Let's not go; 2. clear up; 3. stay; 4. not have; 5 go; 6. post; 7. go; 8. not stay/Don't let's stay; 9. wear; 10. to scrub.

VI.

1. a

2. b

3. h

4. d

5. g

6. j

7. e

8. f

9. c

10. i

VII.

1. make, come, want; 2. do, to do; 3. to criticize; 4. supply; 5. to come, turn; 6. to practice; 7. allow, to do; 8. join; 9. try, to think, to get; 10. meet.

IX.

1. to see; 2. to have forgotten; 3. so as not to/in order not to splash; 4. to sit; 5. to do/in order to do/so as to do; 6. never to return; 7. didn't tell us to feed; 8. not to feed; 9. to find; 10. to have been.

X.

1. Britain is almost unique in having two different kinds of lawyers. 2. He can use the time to seek their aid in finding solutions to problems. 3. Keeping pace with technology is fundamental to success in the industry. 4. Most federal courts hear cases involving questions of constitutional law. 5. Sometimes cases involving juveniles are heard in a special juvenile court. 6. There are a few most widely used reasons for detaining people. 7. There is the possibility of coming to a friendly negotiated set­tlement. 8. This is usually done by producing the original of the document. 9. Under no circumstances can voting take place unless a quorum is present. 10. Voting takes place in a booth.

XI.

1. He expected her to return. 2. She wanted them to read that book. 3. They all watched him walk up the hill. 4. He seemed to be thinking about something. 5. This text-book is said to be printed in London. 6. Her mother had chanced to look into her room. 7. We consider him to be the best pupil of our school. 8. I was supposed to meet him. 9. The delegation is reported to have arrived in London. 10. The meeting is expected to begin this morning.

II.

1. be; 2. keep; 3. be; 4. attend; 5. to cater; 6. use; 7. solve; 8. occupy 9. give.

XI.

1. bring; 2. believe; 3. happen/happening; 4. playing; 5. look at; 6. know; 7. drawing; 8. laughing; 9. marching; 10. ringing.

XII.

1. Handwriting is the commonest method of proving the validity of a document. 2. He is responsible for keeping the brazier glowing and preparing the metal. 3. It is a very effective way of ensuring that the team is kept fully informed. 4. Machines started performing repetitive operations faster than people. 5. One way of reducing costs is through the use of containers. 6. The voter folds the paper to conceal the vote before placing it in the ballot box. 7. There is no merit in maintaining a backlog of unanswered mail. 8. This worker is responsible for stretching and cutting. 9. Voting takes place on Polling Day, usually on Thursday. 10. With standard units stacking is easier and identification is also facilitated.

XIII.

1. It was too dark for her to see him. 2. Your mother wants you to come and see her. 3. It's dangerous for us to be going out in this car. 4. Не turned out to be a good chess-player. 5. She seems to have spo­ken on the subject before. 6. They are likely to be late. 7. She didn't seem to have heard what I said. 8. We are sure to ring you up. 9. It's time for us to go. 10. For me to see you is the happiest minute in my life.

IV.

1. came; 2. reached; 3. need; 4. would be; 5. were; 6. would have spent.

VII.

1. a

2. b

3. d

4. e

5. f

6. c

VIII.

1. if they know you can pay it back. 2. If we had delayed any longer … ; 3. If anything goes wrong, 4. I could take a photo. 5. I would have refused. 6. it will burst into flames. 7. If they had bought a group ticket, 8. I'll be angry … . 9. If you could have gone to the concert, 10. it would take longer. 11. and you'll regret it. 12. if anyone approaches the house.

IX.

1. It was extremely important that he remain at school. 2. He only demanded that the man should leave the ountry at once. 3. Yesterday I would have said the same. 4. І wish I knew where you are and what you are doing. 5. If I were you I wouldn't think of it. 6. It is necessary that he should go there at once. 7. It is necessary that the place be clean. 8. It's a pity I have no time. We would play chess. 9. I'd write him a letter but І don't know his address. 10. If she learned English, I'd buy her this book.

II.

1. contrast; 2. time; 3. condition; 4. condition; 5. wish; 6. condition; 7. condition; 8. condition; 9. reason; 10. time.

III.

1. contributed, would be; 2. would meet, maintained; 3. were, would insist; 4. waited, would give; 5. had rung, would have gone; 6. would apply, had; 7. would be, were not; 8. would you change, were.

V.

1. accepted, would not spend. 2. lost, would move; 3. had, would phone; 4. were, would call; 5. were, would accept; 6. moved, would need; 7. had, would expand; 8. were, would use.

VII.

1. get, applied; 2. were, think; 3. were, spoke; 4. were, earn; 5. were, produce.

IX.

1. finding/to find; 2. telling/to tell; 3. being told/to be told; 4. finding/to find; 5. helping/to help; 6. driving/to drive; 7. finding/to find; 8. arranging/to arrange.

XI.

1. Evidence should be given orally and in open court. 2. I wish there were a photocopier in the office for making copies of letters. 3. I wish you had sent a written message yesterday. 4. If a number of new staff joined the firm it would be expe­dient to make clear the firm's policy on this important subject. 5. If she had to do some calculations, she would use an electronic calculator. 6. If the committee had passed the bill, it would have been considered by the House of Representatives as a whole. 7. If they had predicted correctly their business would have survived and prospered. 8. Incoming mail should be dealt with promptly. 9. It would be unfair to admit a statement which was not made under oath. 10. Token curtness should be avoided, no matter how overworked you might be.

XII.

1. She closed the window lest the children should catch cold. 2. She would have bought a watch but the shop was clo­sed. 3. І wish she would come home. 4. І wish you could give it to me. 5. Mary dreaded lest he should come in. 6. Toward evening he looked so badly that she suggested that he go to bed. 7. І knew something would happen today. 8. But for the rain we would work in the garden today. 9. If you should meet her somewhere, you might travel with her. 10. If I saw him tomorrow I should tell him about it.

II.

1. made to wear; 2. let us wear; 3. made us change; 4. (to) be; 5. made me suffer; 6. 'Let's expand; 7. made the shoes expand; 8. helped me (to) get.

III.

1. to eat/eating; 2. waiting; 3. to tell; 4. to understand; 5. to talk/talking; 6. eating, eating; 7. to play/playing; 8. to go/going; 9. to have; 10. to come.

VII.

1. to phone; 2. staying; 3. to go; 4. visiting; 5. to tell; 6. drinking; 7. dancing; 8. talking; 9. to lock; 10. to stop.

VIII.

1. The man saw a notice pinned to the door … ; 2. They read the words 'No Entry' written in … ; 3. While he was cleaning his gun it went off … ; 4. When/As I was wondering where to go, an advertisement … ; 5. As I rushed out of the house, a lorry … ; 6. As I sat by the fire, it all comes back … ; 7. We thought he would never survive after falling from … ; 8. When a fuse is being changed, the electricity ... ; 9. I saw a trailer with a boat on it being towed behind … ; 10. As he was sitting at the foot... a stone fell … .

IX.

1. cry; 2. tell, promise; 3. type, use; 4. lend; 5. to ask; 6. wear; 7. adjusting/to be adjusted; 8. eat, wait; 9. to practice; 10. renewing/to be renewed.

XI.

1. Не looked as if he had never seen me before. 2. She is considered to be the best singer. 3. His father is said to work at this plant. 4. The sky looked as if it would never clear before morning. 5. It is necessary that he should pay us a visit. 6. Не was supposed to work on Sunday and even­ings. 7. The pupils were allowed to use dictionaries. 8. І should call on him but І have very little time. 9. I insist that you should consult a doctor. 10. But for the late hour they would stay here longer.