Учебник Computer_Science А.Л. Иванова, А.А. Гареев

LISTENING

RFID tags

7. Listen to Sarah Woods, an ICT teacher, giving a class about RFID tags. Which definition (a-c) best describes RFID?

a.a smart technology worn on the user’s body so that they can email and access the Web

b.a technology that uses radio waves and chipequipped tags to automatically identify people or things

c.a technology that uses microchips and bar codes to track people or things at a distance

An RFID micro chip

8. Listen again and decide which answers (a or b) are correct.

1. RFID stands for

a.Radio Frequency Identification

b.Radio Frequency Identification Download 2. Radio tags

a.can only be attached to or embedded into products

b.can be attached to or embedded into products, animals and humans 3. active RFID tags

a.have a communication range of several hundred metres

b.have a communication range of five metres 4. RFID chips

a.will help us track ordinary objects like car keys or books

b.won’t be able to locate objects when they are lost or stolen 5. Radio tags may be implanted under the skin

a.to confirm a patient’s identity and cure illnesses

b.to give doctors instant access to a patient’s medical history 6. According to consumer organizations, RFID tags

a.could be used to track consumers or to steal a person’s identity

b.are secure and private; there is no need for concern [5].

9.In pairs, discuss how secure you think RFID is. Do you agree with the consumer organizations or the manufacturers? Give reasons for your answers.

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10. Look at the pictures below and name the following devices. What do you know about them?

READING

11. Read Text 2 and answer the following questions:

1)What will barcodes be replaced with?

2)How can a fridge help you with the choice of the dishes for dinner?

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3)Why are the new fridges from Electrolux called Screenfridges?

4)What functions does the Screenfridge possess?

Text 2. LICENCE TO CHILL

Barcodes in the packaging of groceries will soon be replaced with radio-frequency tags that can be read at a distance and with greater reliability. As well as indicating what the product is, the data in the tags will include additional information such as the 'best before' date and even nutritional data. Now, imagine that a fridge could read these tags and keep track of the items placed there. If an item is about to exceed its 'use by' date, the fridge tells you, and you can either use it or throw it out. Fancy something different for dinner? No problem, ask the fridge to suggest some menus based on the ingredients it knows you have in stock. Or tell the fridge the menu you require and it will provide you with a shopping list of the items you don't have or order the items via email. This is the Screenfridge from Electrolux. For many households, life revolves around the kitchen. This is the assumption Electrolux made in designing the Screenfridge. Since the fridge is equipped with a microphone, speaker and video-camera, you're not limited to textual information. The fridge is connected to the Internet, so it can be used to send and receive email. Many people have a TV in the kitchen, but if you already have a screen on the fridge, why clutter up the work surface with a TV? The Screenfridge can be interfaced to a surveillance camera to check out visitors or to keep an eye on the children [6].

12. Look through Text 2 once again and say whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F):

1)The data in the radio-frequency tags will include not only the ‘best before’ date but also nutritional data.

2)You can order food with the help of Screenfridge.

3)The Screenfridge is equipped with a microphone, speaker, video-camera and a telephone.

4)You can keep an eye on the children when you are out if you have a Screenfridge.

PART 2. ROBOTICS AND PATTERN RECOGNITION

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1. Read Text 3 and name the function of electronic nose.

Text 3. ELECTRONIC NOSE

An electronic nose is a device intended to detect odors or flavors. The expression "electronic sensing" refers to the capability of reproducing human senses using sensor arrays and pattern recognition systems. The stages of the recognition process are similar to human olfaction and are performed for identification, comparison, quantification and other applications, including data storage and retrieval.

In all industries, odor assessment is usually performed by human sensory analysis, by chemosensors, or by gas chromatography. The latter technique gives information about volatile organic compounds but the correlation between analytical results and actual odor perception is not direct due to potential interactions between several odorous components.

The electronic nose was developed in order to mimic human olfaction that functions as a non-separative mechanism: i.e. an odor / flavor is perceived as a global fingerprint. Essentially the instrument consists of head space sampling, sensor array, and pattern recognition modules, to generate signal pattern that are used for characterizing odors. Electronic noses include three major parts: a sample delivery system, a detection system, a computing system.

2. Look at the text once again and answer the questions:

1)What does the expression “electronic sensing” refer to?

2)What is the disadvantage of the odor assessment performed by gas chromatography?

3)What parts do electronic noses consist of?

3. Read Text 4 and say what robotically-assisted surgery was developed for.

Text 4. ROBOTIC SURGERY

Robotic surgery, computer-assisted surgery, and robotically-assisted surgery are terms for technological developments that use robotic systems to aid in surgical procedures. Robotically-assisted surgery was developed to overcome the

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limitations of minimally-invasive surgery and to enhance the capabilities of surgeons performing open surgery.

In the case of robotically-assisted minimally-invasive surgery, instead of directly moving the instruments, the surgeon uses one of five methods to control the instruments; either a direct telemanipulator or through computer control. A telemanipulator is a remote manipulator that allows the surgeon to perform the normal movements associated with the surgery. In computer-controlled systems the surgeon uses a computer to control the robotic arms and its end-effectors, though these systems can also still use telemanipulators for their input. One advantage of using the computerized method is that the surgeon does not have to be present, but can be anywhere in the world, leading to the possibility for remote surgery.

4. Complete the sentences using the information from Text 4:

1)Robotically-assisted surgery is a term for …

2)A telemanipulator is …

3)One of the advantages of the robotic surgery is …

5. Read Text 5 and answer the following questions:

1)What is speech recognition?

2)How do SR systems work?

3)What do speech recognition applications include?

Text 5. SPEECH RECOGNITION

In computer science, speech recognition (SR) is the translation of spoken words into text.

Some SR systems use "speaker independent speech recognition" while others use "training" where an individual speaker reads sections of text into the SR system. These systems analyze the person's specific voice and use it to fine tune the recognition of that person's speech, resulting in more accurate transcription. Systems that do not use training are called "speaker independent" systems. Systems that use training are called "speaker dependent" systems.

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Speech recognition applications include voice user interfaces such as voice dialing, call routing, search, simple data entry, preparation of structured documents, speech-to-text processing, and aircraft.

The term voice recognition refers to finding the identity of "who" is speaking, rather than what they are saying. Recognizing the speaker can simplify the task of translating speech in systems that have been trained on specific person's voices or it can be used to authenticate or verify the identity of a speaker as part of a security process.

6. Match the following sentences with the inventions you have read:

1)It is the ability of a machine or program to identify words and phrases in spoken language and convert them to a machine-readable format.

2)The da Vinci Surgical System comprises three components: a surgeon’s console, a patient-side robotic cart with 4 arms manipulated by the surgeon (one to control the camera and three to manipulate instruments), and a high-definition 3D vision system.

3)As a first step, it needs to be trained with qualified samples so as to build a database of reference. Then the instrument can recognize new samples by

comparing volatile compounds fingerprint to those contained in its database. This however may also provide a problem as many odors are made up off multiple different molecules, this may be possibly wrongly interpreted by the device as it will register them as different compounds.

4) It is connected to broadband internet and TV via wireless connection. 15" touch screen and pop-up keyboard. As if internet, email, phone, radio and MP3 player are not enough, Electrolux adds highly advanced calendar and video messaging system so the kitchen truly becomes the center hub in your house.

Video Discussion

Technology and Privacy

7.Before watching the video think about answering these questions:

1.What sort of personal information (e.g., age, hometown, job, college) do you give when using social media?

2.What is more important to you, security or privacy? If you had to choose

one, what would you choose? Why?

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3.Are you worried that our privacy is in danger from sites that collect our information? How can they use it?

8.Watch the video Sight and answer the questions below:

https://vimeo.com/46304267

1.Why did the man want to date the girl?

2.What was his job?

3.Why did the girl stop at the end of the video?

4.Would you use this technology?

5.Would you be okay if your date used this technology?

6.What's a benefit of "Sight?"

7.What's a disadvantage (negative thing) about "Sight?"

VOCABULARY

9. Match English phrases with their Russian equivalents:

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10. Insert the prepositions (into, on, to, without, past, from, with, for, past, in):

Imagine being able to open doors and switch ______ computers as you approach them. Professor Warwick can because he had an electronic chip fitted into his arm

_____ a month. He could demonstrate to the press how computers would greet him

______, 'Good morning, Professor Warwick' as he walked _____. Next he wants to record the signals from his brain to his arm to see if he can program a computer to operate his arm. _____ the long term, this may help people who can’t use their limbs. His wife too will have a chip implanted. They hope to be able to feed messages into each other's brains. According ___ the Professor, one day we will be able to communicate directly with machines. If he is right, we will be able to drive a car _____ the passenger seat and we will be able to operate a computer ________

using a mouse or keyboard. However, there is also the alarming prospect that someone will be able to hack _____ your brain.

SPEAKING

11. Work in pairs. Look at these predictions and say which of them are likely to come true and when. Add some of your own and compare them with other students.

1)ATM machines will use iris recognition rather than PIN numbers. You will get access to your account by looking at the machine.

2)People will vote in elections online.

3)Taxis will be robot-controlled.

4)TV journalists will be able to transmit what they see by using sensors in their optic nerves.

5)There will be more robots than people in developed countries.

6)Most computers will be voice-controlled.

7)Mobile phones will replace computers as the commonest way to access the Internet.

8)English will no longer be the commonest language for websites.

9)Email will be replaced by a voice-based system.

10)Computers will become more powerful.

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12. Work in groups. Choose a domestic appliance and decide what functions an in-built computer would allow it to perform in addition to its basic function. Make a presentation to the rest of the class. Don’t forget to mention:

•The purpose of its usage.

•The functions it would perform.

•The target audience.

•The way it could be marketed.

WRITING

13. Write an essay about the future of Artificial intelligence dwelling upon such issues as cybersecurity, privacy, scientific and technical progress. Include the general description and structure of the most-often-used model for programming AI, neural networks.

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GLOSSARY

Acrobat Reader Adobe's free software for displaying and printing PDF files. application software Programs that let you do specific tasks, such as word processing, database management or financial planning.

Artificial Intelligence The study of methods by which a computer can simulate aspects of human intelligence.

attachment A file that has been included as part of an email message. back up To copy files from one disk to another.

backbone High-speed lines or connections that form the major access pathways within the Internet.

bandwidth The quantity of data that can be transmitted through a network, measured in bits per second (bps).

binary code A code made of just two numbers (0 and 1).

biometrics The science that uses computer technology to identify people based on physical features, such as fingerprints or voice scans.

blog 1) noun: A user-generated website where people express their opinions; the entries are displayed in a reverse chronological order. 2) verb: To write entries in a blog.

Blu-ray disc A new optical disc, created by Sony, which can record and play back high-definition TV and computer data. Unlike current DVDs, which use a red laser to read and write data, Blu-ray uses a blue-violet laser, hence its name. bookmark A saved link that takes users directly to a web address.

broadband High-speed transmission, usually referring to internet access via cable and ADSL; about 400 times faster than dial-up access.

browser A program designed to fetch and display web pages on the Internet. bug An error in a computer program.

built-in Integrated, constructed as part of a larger unit. burn To write data to a CD or DVD.

CD ripper A program that extracts music tracks and saves them on disk. character A symbol available on the keyboard (letter, number or blank space). chat A real-time interactive conversation on the Internet.

chip A tiny piece of silicon containing complex electronic circuits. click To press and release the left button on a mouse.

client program Software running on your PC, used to connect and obtain data from a server.

client-server A network architecture in which various client programs all connect to a central server to obtain information or to communicate.

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