- •1)Introduction to computer architecture. Organizational and methodical instructions
- •2)Interrupts. Interrupts and the Instruction Cycle. Interrupt Processing. Multiprogramming.
- •3)Introduction to Operating systems (os), general architecture and organization.
- •Introduction to os Organization
- •4)Major Achievements of os: the Process; Memory Management; Information Protection and Security; Scheduling and Resource Management; System Structure.
- •5)Process Description and Control
- •6)Process States. Process Models.The Creation and Termination of Processes.Suspended Processes.
- •7)Process Description. Operating System Control Structures.Process Switching.
- •8)Memory Management
- •10)Memory Management Requirements. Relocation. Protection. Sharing.
- •11.Memory Partitioning. Relocation.
- •12) Virtual Memory. Paging. Segmentation. Combined Paging and Segmentation.
- •13) Replacement Policy. First-Come-First-Served, Round-Robin algorithms
- •14) Replacement Policy. Shortest Process Next, Shortest Remaining Time algorithms.
- •15)File Organization and Access.
- •16.Secondary Storage Management.
- •17.Short history of Windows, general architecture, software configuration, registry, main administration tools; the boot process.
- •18. Mutual Exclusion and Synchronization
- •19. Programming tools for mutual exclusion: locks, semaphores
- •20. Deadlock: general principle, synchronization by events, monitors, the producer/consumer example, the dining philosophers’ problem
- •21. Disk scheduling. Raid-arrays
- •22. Input-output management
- •23. Page replacement algorithms
- •24. Mutual exclusion and synchronization
- •25. Overview of computer hardware
- •26.Uniprocessor scheduling.
- •27.Implementation of disk scheduling algorithms sstf, scan.
- •28. Implementation of disk scheduling algorithm look.
- •29. Implementation of lru replacement algorithm.
- •31.Briefly describe basic types of processor scheduling. Examples
- •I/o scheduling
- •32.What is the difference between preemptive and nonpreemptive scheduling? Examples.
25. Overview of computer hardware
Computer hardware equals the collection of physical elements that comprise a computer system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such as monitor, keyboard, hard drive disk, mouse, printers, graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips, etc all of which are physical objects that you can actually touch. In contrast, software is untouchable. Software exists as ideas,application, concepts, and symbols, but it has no substance. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system.
Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU) and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved.
Personal computer hardware are the component devices that are the building blocks ofpersonal computers. These are typically installed into a computer case, or attached to it by acable or through a port. In the latter case, they are also referred to as peripherals.
The motherboard is the main component inside the case. It is a large rectangular board with integrated circuitry that connects the other parts of the computer including the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives (CD, DVD, hard disk, or any others) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots.
Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, refers to computer components and recording media that retain digital data. Data storage is a core function and fundamental component of computers.
A peripheral is generally defined as any auxiliary device such as a computer mouse, keyboard, hard drive, etc. that connects to and works with the computer in some way. Other examples of peripherals are expansion cards, graphics cards, computer printers, image scanners, tape drives, microphones,loudspeakers, webcams, and digital cameras. RAM - random access memory - straddles the line between peripheral and primary component; it is technically a storage peripheral, but is required for every major function of a modern computer and removing the RAM will effectively disable any modern machine. Many new devices such as smartphones and tablet computers have interfaces which allow them to be used as a peripheral by a full computer, though they are not host-dependent as other peripheral devices are. According to the most technical definition, the only pieces of a computer NOT considered to be peripherals are the central processing unit, power supply, motherboard, and computer case.
There are three different types of peripherals:
Input, which provide input to the computer from the user (mice, keyboards, etc.)
Output, which provide ouput to the user from the computer (monitors, printers, etc.)
Storage, which store data (hard drives, flash drives, etc.)