39. A Complex Sentence

The Complex sentence is a polypredicative construction based on the principle of subordination. The complex sentence of minimal composition includes 2 clauses - a principal one & a subordinate one.

Types of complex sentences: declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences. For example, if the main clause of a complex sentence is interrogative or imperative, the complex sentence as a whole is also interrogative or imperative. Never you mind how old she is. (SHAW) The main clause is imperative and makes the whole sentence imperative as well.

Subordinate clauses can be joined to principal one by means of subordination or asyndetically. The means of expressing subordination: 1.conjunctions: when, after, before, while, till, until, though, although, albeit, that, as, because, since; 2. phrases performing the same function: as soon as, as long as, so long as, notwithstanding that, in order that, according as, etc.3. conjunctive words: the relative pronouns who, which, that, whoever, & the relative adverbs where, how, whenever, wherever, however, why, etc.

There are 2 main principles of classification of subordinate clauses:

1. According to the functional principle, subordinate clauses are classed by their positional relations: object, attributive, adverbial clauses, etc.

2. According to the categorial principle, subordinate clauses are classed by their nominative properties. There we deal with 3 categorial-semantic groups:

1. “substantive-nominal" clauses name an event as a certain fact. e. g. That his letters remained unanswered annoyed him very much.

2. "qualification-nominal” clauses .name an event-fact + give a characteristic to it. e. g. The man who came in the morning left a message.

3. "adverbial"clauses give quality of descriptions. e. g. Describe it as you see it.

All subordinate clauses are also classified into:

4. clauses of primary nominal positions (subject, predicative, objective clauses)

5. clauses of secondary nominal positions (attributive clauses)

6. clauses of adverbial positions (include clauses of time, place, manner, comparison, condition, reason, result, cause, concession, purpose).

According to the degree of self-dependence of clauses complex sentences are divided into:

1. monolithic complex sentences are based on obligatory subordinative connections of clauses 2. segregative complex sentences are based on optional subordinative connections.

The connection between subordinate clauses can be parallel (homogeneous, heterogeneous) & consecutive (direct and oblique).

40. The Morphemic composition of modern English words.

Morphology as part of grammatical theory studies the 2 segmental units: the morpheme & the word. The word is a complex phenomenon. It can be defined as the minimal potential sentence, the minimal free linguistic form, the el­ementary component of the sentence, the articulate sound-symbol, etc. Speaking about grammar-semantic character of words, there exist 3 main criteria:

1. semantic properties of words (meaning)

2. formal properties (form)

3. functional properties (syntactic function)

In fact the word is a basic nominative unit; a unit of informa­tion in the communication process.

The morpheme is a group of allophones. It is the smallest meaningful part of a word. Functiontion – significative: m. express the significant or generalized meaning. Traditional (functional) classifition of morphemes is based on 2 basic crite­ria: positional & semantic (or functional). Positional: prepositional (prefix), central (root); postpositional (suffixes & inflexions) morphemes.2) Semantic: root-morphemes (roots) & affixal mor­phemes (prefixes, suffixes, and inflexions). The roots express the main part of the meaning of the word, the affixes - the additional part of the meaning.

There are a lot of varieties of morphemic composition of modern E. words, but the preferable model is: prefix + root + lexical suffix + gram. suffix. The syntagmatic connections of the morphemes within the model form 2 types of hierarchical structure.

W₁ = {[Pr + (R + L)] + Gr}- has the original prefixal stem (e.g. prefabricated)

W₂ = {[(Pr + R) + L] + Gr) – has the original suffixal stem (e.g. inheritors).