24. The sentence. Classification of sentences. Types of sentences.

The sentence is the immediate integral unit of speech built up of words according to a definite syntactic pattern and distinguished by a certain communicative purpose. The main peculiar features of the sentence are: integrity, syntactic independence, grammatical, semantic, intonational & communicative completeness, communicative functioning, predicativity, and modality.

There are 2 principles of classification. 1. According to the purpose of the utterance: declarative, interrogative, exclamatory and imperative sentences. 2. according to the structure. Here we state two main types: simple and composite; two-member and one- member sentences. Types of Sentences According to the Types of Communication:

1.Declarative

2.Interrogative

3.Imperative

Interrogative sentences are characterised by a special word order. There very few modal words are used, as the meanings of some modal words are incompatible with the meaning of an interrogative sentence. modal words are hardly used at all in imperative sentences either.

The notion of exclamatory sentences and their relation to the three established types of declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences presents some difficulty. On the one hand, every sentence may be exclamatory, convey the speaker's feelings and have emphatic intonation.If we accept this view, we deal with:

1. Declarative (including emotional ones)

2. Interrogative (including emotional ones)

3. Imperative (including emotional ones)

4. Exclamatory

This view would avoid the awkward contradiction of exclamatory sentences constituting a special type and belonging to the first three types at the same time.

Types of Sentences According to Structure:

1. Simple

2. Composite

The simple sentence – a sentence in which only one predicative line is expressed.

The composite sentence, as different from the simple one, is formed by two or more predicative lines.

25. Category of Mood.

The category of mood is the most controversial category of the verb. This category expresses the character of connection between the process and the actual reality, either presenting the process as a fact that really happened, happens or will happen, or treating it as an imaginary phenomenon, i.e. the subject of a hypothesis, desire.

OPPOSITION: strong member (Forms of oblique mood meaning - unreality) - weak member (forms of direct mood meaning-reality)

Division of moods:1. indicative (shows that the speaker represents the action as real, actually taking place)2.conditional (merely imaginary)

The question about the number of moods is rather comtroversial:

-Ilyish- 3 moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)- meaningform;

-M.Deutschbein: 16 moods  functional approach;

- Smirnitsky : 6 moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive I, subjunctive II, suppositional, conditional) - formmeaning;

-L.S.Barhudarov, D.A. Shteling: 2 moods (indicative, subjunctive);

-G.N.Vorontsova: 4 moods (indicative, optative speculative, presumptive).

One of the important differences between the indicative and the other moods is that the meaning of “tense” does not go with the meanings of subjunctive mood and imperative mood. The imperative and the subjunctive moods represent the action as desired or imagined, and the notions of real time are discarded. Subjunctive mood includes forms homonymous with Past and Past Perfect, but they differ in time correlation.

26. THE VERB: ASPECT

Verb. Meaning of process, action. Predicative function of the sentence. The verb is characterised by an elaborate system of morphological categories, some of which are, however, controversial. These are: tense, aspect, mood, voice, person, and number. The category of voice presents its own difficulties.There are 2 sets of forms in the Modern English verb which are contrasted on the principle of use or non-use of the pattern "be + first participle»: writes — is writing. The difference between them is: an action going on continuously within certain time limits/ an action, occurring repeatedly or everlasting & not limited. Not every verb is commonly used in the form "be + first participle". Thus, the verbs see, hope, like, fear and others, though denoting perception or feelings, may be found in this form, e. g. It was as if she were seeing herself for the first time. We also find the verb look used in a continuous form where it means 'have the air', not 'cast a look'.The terms continuous & common aspects are used to denote these two sets of forms of the Modern English verb. H.Sweet, O.Jespersen put these forms among the tense forms of the verb.However, the word "tense" disguises the fact that we deal here with a peculiar grammatical category. Another term, "expanded form", or "progressive form" cannot be applied there either, as we might speak of the past form, or of the passive form, etc. “Expanded” gives a characteristic of the analytical structure of the form, without indicating its meaning. “Progressive” indicates the meaning, but is hardly preferable to the adjective continuous. It is preferable to use the term "continuous aspect" .The problem of aspect deals with a lexicological problem. For durative verbs of the sit type: the sentence with the common aspect form is more matter-of-fact & "dry", the one with the continuous aspect form is more descriptive. The difference may be neutralised. Не sat in the corner-He was sitting in the corner. For terminative verbs of the bring type: the sentences with the common case provide us with the results, show that the action is completed; the sentences with the continuous case show that the action is not completed, has no results. He brought her some flowers & He was bringing her some flowers. The Russian verb has two aspects, the perfective and the imperfective. It is obvious at once that there is no direct correspondence between English and Russian aspects; for instance, the English continuous aspect is not identical with the Russian imperfective.