1. The verb. The Perfect

Verb is a part of speech with grammatical meaning of process, action. Verb performs the central role of the predicative function of the sentence. The verb is characterised by an elaborate system of morphological categories, some of which are, however, controversial. These are: tense, aspect, mood, voice, person, and number.

The ME perfect forms have been the subject of a long discussion. There are various views on the essence of the perfect forms:

1. The category of perfect is a peculiar tense category, which should be classed as the categories “present” and ”past”. (O.Jespersen)

2. The cat. of perfect is a peculiar aspect category (should be given a place in the list comprising “common aspect” and “contin. aspect”) (prof. G.Vorontsova)

3. The cat. of perfect is neither one of tense, nor one of aspect, but a specific category expressing “time relation”. Later it was proposed to replace his term by that of “correlation”. (Smirnitsky)

1.If we consider perfect to be a tense category, then the present perfect would be a union of 2 different tenses (present and perfect), which is impossible.  the category of perfect cannot be a tense category. 2. Is writing – has been writing, will be writing – will have been writing. All these forms belong to the continuous aspect, they cannot be said to differ from each other on an aspect line  perfect is not an aspect. 3. Since the perfect is neither a tense nor an aspect, it is bound to be some special grammatical category. Prof. Smirnitsky proposed to call it "the category of time relation". writes — has written, wrote — had written :there we deal with oppositions Perfect (marked)/Non-Perfect (unmarked).

Uses of the perfect forms.

1. the lexical meaning of the verb; He has broken the cup (change in the state of the object  result).

2. the tense category of the f-m; The present perfect form may produce the meaning of a result to be seen at the moment of the speech. The past perfect would mean that the result was there at a certain moment in the past.

3. the syntactical context (simple/complex sentence, main/subordinate clause) and 1 extralinguistic factor.

4. the situation in which the perfect form is used.

2. The preposition

Meaning. Prepositions show relationships in time & space & relationships between ideas. Form: prepositions are invariable. Function. Prepositions enter into phrases where they are preceded by a noun, adjective, numeral, stative, verb or adverb, and followed by a noun, adjective, numeral or pronoun. In a sentence a preposition is not a separate part of it. It goes together with the following word to form an object, adverbial modifier, predicative or attribute, and in extremely rare cases a subject.

The connection between prepositions and other words which requires special study. It is absolutely clear that prepositions denote not merely relations between the words, but also represent extralinguistic relations.Не comes after dinner. There are cases when a preposition does not express relations between extralinguistic phenomena but merely serves as a link between words. Take, for instance, the sentence: This depends on you.

The function of prepositions in phrases is to connect words with each other. On this level there are patterns like "noun + preposition + noun", "adjective + preposition + noun", "verb + preposition + noun", etc. On the sentence level: a preposition is never a part of a sentence by itself; it enters the part of sentence whose main centre is the following noun, or pronoun, or gerund.

The connection between the preposition," the word which precedes it, and the word which follows it requires special study. A preposition doesn’t necessarily connect the word which immediately precedes it with the one that follows (such cases are frequent). Prepositions can sometimes be followed by adverbs which become partly substantivized when so used (from there, since then). Special attention must be given to groups of words whose meaning and functions in the sentence are the same as those of prepositions. Here belong: out of, as to, as for, instead of, in spite of, etc. We cannot term these groups prepositions, since a preposition is a word, not a word group.