Состояние вещества: твердое, жидкое и газообразное

STATES OF MATTER: SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES

Теоретическая часть

Данный лексический материал предназначен для того, чтобы студенты смогли составить монологическое высказывание о состояниях вещества.

molecule молекула

particle частица

to subdivide подразделять

division деление

atom атом

further дальше

fundamental основной

attraction притяжение

solid твердый

vibration колебание

liquid жидкий

gaseous газообразный

Задания

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

States of Matter: Solids, Liquids and Gases

To understand the various states of matter and their connection to each other, we must understand the meaning of the word molecule.

We can divide a piece of material into small parts and then subdivide each of these small parts into still smaller parts. We shall continue this process of division until the parts become very, very small. In the end they will become so small that it will be impossible to divide them further. We call these smallest particles atoms. They are the fundamental building blocks of all material and they have a definite attraction for each other.

Atoms combine into molecules and the molecules may contain one, two and more atoms. In metals there is only one atom in a molecule, for example.

The molecules of a solid are very close together and have a great attraction for each other. The close they are together, the heavier is the solid; however, the molecules are in a state of continual vibration. In this state attraction for each other is very great, and that is why it is very difficult to change the shape of a solid.

Now, if we heat the solid, the molecules begin to vibrate more and more and therefore there is less attraction for each other. Thus, a solid expands when we heat it. When the molecules are quite far apart from each other, the solid changes into a liquid.

If we continue to heat the liquid, the molecules begin to vibrate so strongly and they will have to move so far apart from each other that they will have very little attraction for each other. Now the liquid becomes a gas, which has no definite size.

The three states of matter – solid, liquid and gaseous – are very close to each other and more heat or less heat will change the substance from one state to the other. Ice, water and steam are examples of this change of state.

Задание 2. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

процесс деления, не иметь формы, определенный размер, содержать элемент, вредные вещества, строительный блок, в состоянии постоянной вибрации, химическое вещество, состояние вещества, изменение вещества, невозможно отделить, нагревать жидкое вещество, соединяться в молекулы, процесс деления, твердое тело, принять форму.

Задание 3. Найдите противоположные значения следующим словам:

definite, solid, apart, strong, to expand, difficult, small, close

Задание 4. Дополните предложения, используя слова из задания 3:

1. Metals … when heated.

2. The student did not know the … of many words.

3. The new … was produced in the laboratory.

4. In England most of the houses are … with coal.

5. This book … all the information you need.

6. The molecules of a solid are very together and have a great … for each other.

7. Ice, water and steam are examples of this … of state.

Вопросы к практическому заданию

1. Что такое молекула (атом)?

2. Сколько атомов в молекуле метала?

3. Почему так трудно изменить форму твердого вещества?

4. Когда твердое вещество превращается в жидкость?

5. Что вы можете рассказать о трех состояниях вещества?

Практическое занятие 11