- •Table of contents
- •Language and extralinguistic world
- •2. Language system: paradigms and syntagmas
- •3. Language as a means of communication
- •Lecture 2 translation theory
- •1. Translation definition
- •2. Basic translation theories
- •3. Translation ranking
- •4. Translation equivalence and equivalents
- •5. Types of translation equivalence
- •6. Levels of equivalence
- •Lecture 3. Lexical problems of translation
- •Lexical differences between languages
- •Three types of lexical meaning in translation
- •3. Divergences in the semantic structure of words
- •4. Different valency
- •5. Different usage
- •6. Translation of monosemantic words
- •7. Translation of polysemantic words. Polysemantic words and the context
- •8. Words of wide meaning
- •9. Translation of pseudo-international words
- •11. Translation of Neologisms
- •12. Translation of words of emotive meaning
- •13. Rendering of stylistic meaning in translation
- •15. Concretization
- •16. Generalization
- •17. Antonymic translation
- •18. Metonymic translation
- •19. Paraphrasing
- •Lecture 4. Grammatical problems of translation
- •1. General considerations
- •2. Grammatical Features Typical of Modern English
- •3. Partial Equivalents caused by different usage
- •4. Free and Bound Use of Grammar Forms
- •5. Types of grammatical transformations
- •Lecture 5. Stylistic problems of translation
- •1. Different Aspects of Stylistic Problems
- •2. Official style
- •3. Scientific Prose Style
- •4. Newspaper and Publicistic Styles
- •5. Rendering of Form in Translating Emotive Prose
- •6. National Character of Stylistic Systems
- •7. Polyfunctional Character of Stylistic Devices
- •8. Rendering of Trite and Original Devices
- •Red carpet for the Oil Prince
- •Пишна зустріч нафтового володаря
- •9. Original Metaphors and Their Translation
- •10. Original Metonymies and their Translation
- •11. Transferred Epithet and its Translation
- •12. Violation of Phraseological Units and its Rendering
- •13. Foregrounding and Translation
- •Inversion as a Means of Emphasis.
Inversion as a Means of Emphasis.
The emphatic role of inversion is a well-known fact, and need not be considered here. It is only to be mentioned that the stylistic function of inversion is frequently rendered lexically.
Up goes unemployment, up go prices, and down tumbles the labour vote.
Безробіття різко зросло, ціни підскочили, а кількість голосів, поданих за лейбористів, катастрофічно впала.
Emphatic Use of the “As…as” Model. The model “as…as” expressing the same degree of quality may be used emphatically not in its direct function but to express the superlative degree. In this case it is as a rule combined with the pronouns “any”, “anything”, “anybody”. The translations of this model require lexical compensation.
As he has since admitted, he admires Rosamund Darnley as much as any woman he had ever met. (Agatha Christie)
Як він потім зізнався, жодна жінка на світі не викликала в ньому такого захоплення як Розамунд Дарнлі.
Emphatic Negative Constructions
Negative constructions are more expressive than affirmative ones and possess a stronger emotive colouring.This is due to the fact that the category of negation indicates that the link between the negation indicates that the link between the notions expressed by the subject and the predicate is non-existant.
The negative word “no” is a powerful means of stressing the some member of the sentence.
Our arrangement was no announcement for few days. (A.Halley)
Ми домовились: жодних повідомлень протягом найближчих днів.
The emphatic use of the colon in the translation attracts attention to what follows. Emphasis is also created by ellipsis.
Semantic Foregrounding
The lexical possibilities of foregrounding are also considerable. A writer sometimes skillfully uses a word in an unusual combination owing to which it becomes conspicuous and acquires greater expressive value.
I suggest, Mr. Speaker, that the government and its Department of Citizenship and Emigration have their collective sheet firmly rooted in the nineteenth century. (A.Halley)
Я висловлюю припущення, містер Спікер, що уряд і Міністерство зі справ громадянства й еміграції все ще вперто чіпляються за принципи XIX століття.
The unusual combination “collective feet” cannot be preserved in Ukrainian (коллективные ноги would be unacceptable) and only the semantic aspect of the combination is rendered in the translation.
Stylistic means and devices present considerable and varied problems for translation. They possess a distinct national character although at first sight they may appear to be identical. Foreground linguistic means give rise to particularly hard problems as specific national language means are brought into play by foregrounding, e.g. articles, suffixes, the passive voice, conversion, etc.
The translator must be fully aware of the function of a stylistic device and its effect, to be able to reproduce the same effect by other means, if necessary, thus minimizing the inevitable losses due to inherent divergences.
To conclude: stylistic equivalence may be achieved by different means and not necessary by the same device.
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