- •§ 1. Translation studies
- •§ 2. Semiotic approach
- •§ 3. Communicative approach
- •§ 4. Dialectics of translation
- •3. Translation and culture are inseparable.
- •4. Reflection and creativity in translation.
- •§ 5. Translation invariant
- •§ 6. Unit of translation
- •§ 1. Classification criteria
- •§ 2. Machine translation
- •§ 3. Translation and interpreting
- •§ 4. Functional classification
- •§ 1. Adequate and equivalent translation
- •§ 2. Literal translation
- •§ 3. Free translation
- •§ 4. The concept of 'untranslatability'
- •§ 2. Pragmatic level
- •3. Situational level
- •§ 5. Transformational equivalence
- •§ 6. Lexical and grammatical equivalence
- •§ 2. Translation transcription
- •§ 3. Transliteration
- •§ 4. Calque translation
- •§ 5. Grammar transformations
- •§ 6. Lexical transformations
- •§ 7. Complex transformations
- •§ 1. Translation process
- •2. Transformational model of translation
- •3. Semantic model of translation
- •§ 2. Situational model of translation
- •§ 3. Transformational model of translation
- •4. Semantic model of translation
- •§ 5. Psycholinguistic model of translation
- •§ 2. Translation in the middle ages
- •§ 4. Enlightenment translation (17-18th c.)
- •§ 5. Translation in the 19th century
- •§ 6. Translation in the 20th century
- •§ 1. Old russian culture and translation
- •§ 2. Translation in the 18th century
- •§ 3. Russian translation in the first half of the 19th century
- •§ 4. Translation in the second half of the 19™ century
- •§ 5. Translation at the turn of the century
- •§ 6. Translation in the 20th century
- •§ 1. Translating tense and aspect forms
- •§ 2. Translating passive voice forms
- •§ 3. Translating the subjunctive mood forms
- •§ 1. Translating the infinitive
- •§ 2. Translating the gerund
- •§ 3. Translating the participle
- •§ 4. Translating absolute constructions
- •§ 2. Constructions with causal verbs
- •§ 3. Constructions with the verbs to have, to get
- •§ 4. Causative constructions with non-causal verbs
- •§ 1. Translating personal pronouns
- •§ 2. Translating possessive pronouns
- •§ 3. Translating relative pronouns
- •§ 4. Translating the pronoun one
- •§ 5. Translating the pronoun каждый / все
- •§ 6. Translating partitive pronouns some / any
- •§ 7. Translating demonstrative pronouns
- •§ 1. Translating the indefinite article
- •§ 2. Translating the definite article
- •§ 3. Translating the zero article
- •§ 1. Features of the attributive phrase
- •§ 2. Translating the attributive cluster
- •§ 1. Communicative structure of the english and russian sentence
- •§ 2. Word order change due to the functional sentence perspective
- •§ 3. Sentence partitioning and integration
- •§ 1. Principles of punctuation in english and russian
- •Information is, the more separated (by punctuation marks) the sentence parts are.
- •§ 3. Using the dash
- •§ 4. Using quotation marks
- •§ 5. Using the colon and semicolon
- •§6. Using the ellipses
- •§ 1. Types of translation equivalents
- •§2. Interaction of word semantic structures
- •§ 3. Word connotation in translation
- •§ 4. 1Ntralinguistic meaning
- •§ 5. Context-bound words
- •§ 1. Realia and equivalent-lacking words
- •§ 2. Types of realia
- •§ 3. Ways of translating realia
- •§ 4. Translating people's names
- •§ 5. Translating geographical terms
- •§ 6. Translating published editions
- •§ 7. Translating ergonyms
- •§ 1. Translation factors
- •§ 2. Translation technique
- •§ 3. Terms in fiction and magazines
- •§ 1. Metaphor and the phraseological unit
- •§ 2. Interlingual metaphoric transformations
- •§ 3. Ways of idiom translation
- •§ 4. Challenges in translating idioms
- •§ 1. Definitions
- •§ 2. Lexical metonymic transformation
- •§ 3. Predicate translation
- •§ 4. Syntactic metonymic transformations
- •§ 1. Definition
- •§ 2. Conversive transformation
- •§ 3. Shifting negative modality
- •§ 4. Reasons for antonymic translation
- •§1. Reasons for differences in word combinability
- •§ 2. Translation of adverbial verbs
- •§ 3. Translating synonym condensation
- •§ 1. Compounds
- •§ 2. Conversion
- •§ 3. Affixation
- •§ 4. Abbreviation
- •§ 1. Concept of pragmatics
- •§ 2. Text pragmatics
- •§ 3. Author's communicative intention
- •§ 4. Communicative effect upon the receptor
- •§ 5. Translator's impact
- •§ 1. Language and speech functions
- •§ 2. Interpersonal function and modality in translation
- •§ 3. Expressive function in translation
- •§ 4. Phatic function in translation
- •§ 5. Conative function in translation
- •11(1111. I*, imm'mPil //mm*, ъщчщмш n
- •§ 1. Functional style, register: definition
- •§ 2. Translating scientific and technical style
- •§ 3. Translating bureaucratic style
- •§ 4. Translating journalistic (publicistic) I .11
- •§ 1. Translation of metaphors and similes
- •§ 2. Translation of epithets
- •§ 3. Translation Ol periphrasis
- •§ 4. Translation of puns
- •§ 5. Translation of allusions and quotations
- •§ 1. Norms of transution
- •§ 2. Quality control of the translation.
- •§ 1. Professional ethics, etiquette, and protocol
- •§ 2. Code of professional conduct
- •§ 3. Protocol ceremonies
§ 2. Translation of epithets
Today's imaginative literature is characterized by the great role of epithet as an ornamental element able to express the author's attitude to the character, idea and overall narration.270 To convey the author's intent, the translator must be very careful in selecting words with the same denotative and connotative meanings.
There are some specific problems of translating the epithet. One of them is enantioscmy, or using a word in its paradoxical meaning when the word is capable of carrying two opposite significations. Usually the enantiosemic epithets reveal a negative attitude of the speaker.271 He is a fine fellow as ever I saw. He simpers and smirks and makes love to us all. I am prodigiously proud of him. I defy even Sir William Lucas himself to produce a more valuable son-in-law. The words simpers and smirks show an ironic attitude of the speaker to the character. The epithets valuable and prodigiously proud are understood in the opposite sense. This irony must not escape from a target text reader.
Enantiosemy is characteristic of both English and Russian literature. For example, Откуда, умная, бредешь ты голова? - addressing an ass. In translation the paradoxical meaning can be shown with the help of particles, word order, etc.: My good fellow! - Любезный ты мой! A nice place to live away from. - Ну и местечко! A pretty story! - Хорошенькая же история!
Another problem is the transferred qualifier, or an epithet syntactically joined to a word to which it does not belong logically.272 He ran a tired hand through his hair. - Устало он провел рукой по волосам. The word tired logically is linked with he, syntactically with hand. In translation the logic disagreement is normally corrected, since the structures of this type are not typical of modern Russian, though it is interesting to note that in the 19th century they were used in Russian fiction:
Здесь кажут франты записные Свое нахальство, свой жилет И невнимательный лорнет.
(А.Пушкин. Евгений Онегин)
In English transferred epithets are used not only in poetry and prose, but also in journalism and in everyday conversation.
Translation of the transferred epithet often requires word order change: a British breakfast of depressing kidney and fish - наводящий тоску завтрак из почек и рыбы; or extension: He raised a supercilious eyebrow. - Он поднял бровь, и лицо его приняло высокомерное выражение.213 Stock epithets are calqued: her sapphire glance - ее сапфирный взгляд; dumb love -немая любовью
Inverted epithet is a word syntactically functioning as a headword, but semantically serving as a modifier to a dependent noun: a darling of a girl, a bear of a man. This epithet is very expressive and should be rendered in Russian by an appropriate expressive means: прелестнейшая девчушка, не человек, а медведь.
Gradation of epithets, that is a sequence of synonymous epithets, is constructed on a different basis in English and in Russian. In English, gradation is based on rhythmical sequence; in Russian, this device is logic-centered: the word, most important logically, is positioned in the end of the sequence. This inevitably causes word order change in translation: Privacy is viewed as a requirement which all humans would find equally necessary, desirable, and satisfying. - Частная жизнь - это требование, которое абсолютно все люди считают положительным, необходимым и желательным.
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