Министерство транспорта Российской Федерации
Федеральное агентство железнодорожного транспорта
Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
Самарский государственный университет путей сообщения
Кафедра иностранных языков
И.А. Зайцева
АНглийский язык
Методические указания для студентов II курса
специальности «Подъемно–транспортные, строительные,
дорожные машины и оборудование»
Самара
2009
УДК 420
Зайцева И.А.
Английский язык : методические указания для студентов II курса специальности «Подъемно-транспортные, строительные, дорожные машины и оборудование» / И.А. Зайцева. – Самара : СамГУПС, 2009. – 100 с.
Утверждены на заседании кафедры 22.10.2009г., протокол № 3.
Печатаются по решению редакционно-издательского совета университета.
Цель методических указаний ознакомить студентов II курса с основной терминологической лексикой, а также выработать навыки перевода технических текстов и активного владения базовыми грамматическими и коммуникативными моделями современного английского языка. Методические указания составлены в соответствии с требованиями программы обучения иностранному языку студентов неязыковых специальностей, предполагающей профессионально ориентированную направленность учебного процесса.
Рецензенты: доцент кафедры «Иностранные языки» СамГУПС, кандидат филологических наук С.И. Капишникова;
заведующий кафедрой «Строительно-дорожные машины и технология машиностроения» СамГУПС, доктор технических наук В.Н. Самохвалов
Под редакцией С.Я. Никитиной
Подписано в печать 27.10.2009. Формат 60х90 1/16.
Усл. печ. л. 6,2. Тираж 100 экз. Заказ № 201.
© Самарский государственный университет путей сообщения, 2009
Lesson One
Ex. 1. What can you say about your memory? Do you remember the words you have learnt? Translate the following words into Russian. Do it in written form and try to remember those which you have forgotten.
Rail, track, sleeper (tie, crosstie), responsibility, route, convenience, cause, freight, requirement, design, gauge, rolling stock, vehicle, wheel, engine, to run, to provide, to load, to reduce, to require, to maintain, to repair.
Ex. 2. Read the following sentences and translate them from English into Russian.
1. A railroad is a route between two places along which trains travel on steel rails. 2. Now all the railways have a standard gauge. 3. One of the first attempts to put a steam engine on wheels was made by Richard Trevithick, a British mining engineer. 4. Instead of increasing fares the Railway Management should concentrate on reducing its costs and improving its efficiency. 5. The main components of the railway track are rails, sleepers and ballast. 6. If trains run at a maximum of 100 km per hour, the journey time will be only 15 hours. 7. Almost all the railroad systems carry both freight and passengers. 8. Union Pacific Corporation serves many of the fastest-growing U.S. population centers and provides Americans with a fuel-efficient, environmentally responsible and safe mode of freight transportation. 9. Route length can be reduced by the use of bridges and tunnels. 10. A passenger is any person who travels in a vehicle, but bears little or no responsibility for the tasks required for that vehicle to arrive at its destination. 11. Large passenger stations have at least one building providing conveniences for passengers, such as purchasing (= buying) tickets and food. 12. The cause of the accident is still unclear and requires further investigation. 13. Check the engine’s fuel requirements. 14. A completely new design of car was shown at the exhibition. 15. They heard the sound of trucks being loaded up and driven away. 16. Travelling by train is much safer than driving your own car. 17. Railroad maintenance has been an important part of railroading since the industry's birth in the early 19th century. 18. In Great Britain, types of rolling stock were given names, often of animals, such as "Toad" (жаба).
Ex. 3. Insert missing letters and translate the following sentences into Russian.
An e _ _ _ _ _ d_ _ _ _ _ is a person, who is responsible for the operation of the locomotive.
M_ _ _ l_ _ _ is the principle railroad track that connects two points.
R _ _ _ _ are the standard steel-fabricated structure that railroads use to operate over.
T_ _ is the component of railroad infrastructure that holds the rails in place; it is supported by the surrounding ballast.
R_ _ _ _ _ _ s_ _ _ _ is the collective term for all the vehicles that move on a railway, powered or unpowered.
M_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is the complex of actions performed to keep railroad system functioning.
Ex. 4. Copy and memorize the following terms.
to align – выравнивать, рихтовать (путь) (track) alignment – выправка пути ballast – балласт to ballast – засыпать балластом continuous welded rail (CWR) – бесстыковой путь drainage – дренаж, осушение formation / roadbed – земляное полотно joint – стык; соединение jointed track – звеньевой путь load transfer – передача (перераспределение) нагрузки rail length – рельсовая плеть (звено) right-of-way (ROW) – полоса отчуждения slab track – путь на плитах stability – устойчивость, прочность sub-ballast – нижний слой балластной призмы substructure – нижнее строение пути track structure / permanent way – верхнее строение пути wear – износ, истирание to wear - изнашивать, истирать to weld – сваривать |
Ex. 5. Copy the following words and memorize their meanings:
capable of smth. – способный на что-л.
damage – повреждение, поломка
to damage – повреждать, разрушать
to eliminate – устранять, удалять
to ensure – обеспечивать, гарантировать
to evolve – эволюционировать, развиваться
obvious – очевидный, заметный
ride – движение; езда
to ride – ехать (на велосипеде, в поезде)
to secure – закреплять, прикреплять
to set – устанавливать, регулировать
to space – располагаться с промежутками, интервалами
support – основание, опора
to support – поддерживать, нести нагрузку
within – с точностью до, в пределах.
Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian.
1. My watch was fast so I set it back three minutes. 2. She set the camera on automatic. 3. I’m setting the alarm clock for 6.30. 4. We will ensure equal opportunities for all. 5. This system ensures optimum contact with the rail at all times. 6. He double-checked the stove to ensure it was off before leaving on vacation. 7. Billy was to ensure that the computer was packed safely. 8. The credit card eliminates the need for cash or cheques. 9. Recent advances in medical science have eliminated the need for most patients to spend long periods in hospital. 10. Credit cards eliminate the need to carry a lot of cash. 11. The fire caused thousands of dollars' worth of damage to the buildings. 12. Did the fire badly damage the offices? 13. Many buildings and cars have been damaged in the explosion. 14. The company has evolved into a major electronics manufacturer. 15. We constantly evolve our products to meet the changing needs of customers. 16. He is capable of any action, however bad, if it furthers his ambition. 17. The port is capable of handling 10 million tonnes of coal a year. 18. A university graduate is expected to be capable of coping with such a situation. 19. The most obvious explanation is not always the correct one. 20. It’s pretty obvious he’s crazy about you. 21. The ride in the taxi was hot and bumpy. 22. The bus ride from the airport was very pleasant. 23. Screws secure the steel bars to the window frame. 24. These plants should be spaced three inches apart. 25. Workers will be reinforcing supports under the bridge. 26. A pair of wooden beams was the only thing supporting the roof. 27. Use the handle to support yourself. 28. The tyres on the car seem to be worn. 30. You have to replace worn brake disks.
Ex. 6. Put the verbs in brackets into the required tense form and translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Your car [to be - Future Simple Active] safe if you park it in the car park, not at the side of the road. 2. The company [to eliminate – Present Perfect Active] 126 jobs. 3. The storm [not to do – Past Simple Active] much damage. 4. Mr. Charlton [to examine - Past Simple Active] the damage caused by the bulldozer. 5. Damage to the building [can - Past Simple Active] take six months to repair. 6. No damage [to do - Past Perfect Passive], and we [to push – Past Simple Active] the van back onto the road. 7. The house [to damage - Past Perfect Passive] by fire. 8. Many infectious diseases [to eliminate - Present Perfect Passive] recently. 9. He [to have – Present Simple Active] to eliminate dairy products from his diet. 10. Our new system [to design – Past Simple Passive] to ensure that everyone gets paid on time. 11. Computer software [to continue - Future Simple Active] to evolve in response to users’ needs. 12. The research project [to evolve - Past Simple Active] from a concept first proposed in 1995. 13. It [to become – Past Continuous Active] obvious to her parents that she [to need – Past Simple Active] help. 14. I [to invite – Past Simple Passive] to go for a ride in a helicopter last week. 15. Billy [not to let - Future Simple Active] me have a ride on his bike. 16. The bomb [to set - Past Simple Passive] to go off at eight o’clock. 17. The plants [to support - Past Simple Passive] with wire. 18. The release bearing (выжимной подшипник) [to start – Present Continuous Active] to wear a little. 19. There [to be – Past Simple Active] a thin layer of ice on the pavements. 20. The new covering [not to affect - Future Simple Active] the stability of the roof structure. 21. There [to be - Present Simple Active] heavy wear on all four wheels. 22. The joints of the pipes [to fasten - Past Simple Passive] with waterproof tape. 23. Her survival [to ensure – Present Perfect Passive] by the fasten seat belts.
Ex. 7. It is very common in English to put two (or more) nouns together without a preposition. The first noun is like an adjective in some ways and it can modify the second in different ways. It can say what the second is made of or from. This structure is called the attributive group. Match the attributive groups in A with their translation in B. Do it in written form. Learn them by heart.
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a) балластная призма |
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b) путевой балласт |
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c) уплотнение балласта |
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d) плотность балласта |
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e) балластный вагон, балластер |
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f) балластная подушка |
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g) шпалоподбивочная машина |
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h) балластный слой |
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i) балластоочистительная машина |
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j) машина для уплотнения балласта |
allast
section
Ex. 8. Many words in English can be either nouns, adjectives or verbs. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the words in brackets. You may have to change verb tenses/voices or make plurals.
1. Drivers should keep a ♦ distance from the car in front. The ♦ was locked but the criminals cracked the code. [safe] 2. Fill in the application ♦. The river ♦ a natural barrier between the two countries. [form] 3. The new discovery became the ♦ for further research. One should always ♦ one's opinion on facts. She couldn’t explain her ♦ desire. [base] 4. This is the ♦ where we had the accident. He ♦ his hat carefully on the table. [place] 5. In spring we usually ♦ the clocks ahead one hour. A complete ♦ of the author’s works consists of twenty-seven volumes. The first television ♦ produced in 1939 was a tiny nine-by-twelve inch box. [set] 6. This button ♦ the temperature in the building. Generally, her driving is OK, but her clutch ♦ isn’t very good. He managed to gain ♦ over the company. [control] 7. He ♦ to school on his bicycle. We thought it would be fun to take a ♦ in the balloon. [ride] 8. The computer couldn't handle the ♦ and crashed. They ♦ the truck at the moment. [load] 9. Can you find ♦ for this piece of wood? Someone ♦ my knife to open a can of fruit. [use] 10. He’s lived here for the ♦ two years. If sleepers are maintained regularly they can ♦ up to 25 years. [last] 12. My brother and I always had ♦ rooms. As he pulled, the pipe ♦ from the wall and broke. [separate] 12. It can be very costly to neglect tire ♦. The carpet has ♦ thin in some places. [wear]
Ex. 9. A. Translate the following words using their dictionary definitions. Then fill in the blanks in the sentences with the appropriate words.
length - a measurement of how long something is in size
weight - how heavy something is when you measure it
width - the distance from one side of something to the other
height - the degree to which something is high or someone is tall
depth - the distance from the top surface of something to the bottom of it
1. In the United States the early railroad tracks ranged from 3 to 6 feet (0.9 to 1.8 meters) in ♦. 2. The ♦ of the bus route has been increased by three kilometers. 3. The ♦ of the shelves is about 35 cm. 4. The car was not able to pull such a large ♦. 5. The boat was 16 feet in ♦. 6. The path is about two metres in ♦. 7. Soon we saw a graceful tower, rising to 400 feet in ♦. 8. What’s the ♦ of the water here? 9. The inch was originally the ♦ of a thumb (Your thumb is approximately 3/4 inch wide). 10. The largest production car (six were built) is the Bugatti Royale type 41 (introduced in 1927); its ♦ was 22 feet. 11. The ♦ of 6 city blocks is approximately one kilometer long. 12. The ♦ of a slice of bread is about one ounce. 13. The ♦ of a paperclip is approximately one centimeter. 14. Steve could not become a pilot because of his ♦. 15. A car size established by the Japanese government in 1949, and since modified from time to time is no more than 3.4 meters in ♦ and 148 meters in ♦. 16. The cave descends to a ♦ of 340 feet. 17. The cat was about 12 pounds in ♦. 18. The rear garden is nearly 30 metres in ♦. 19. The swimming pool ranges from 1 to 4 metres in ♦. 20. The ♦ of the pool was more than 2 meters.
B. The exact size, degree, strength, etc. of something is usually expressed in numbers of standard units. Do you know what units are used to measure length, weight, volume? Try to grasp the main idea of the text.
Different units of measure may be used depending on the substance. Many of the units we use in our everyday life - inches and ounces and pints and shillings - are second nature to Englishmen. Most of the countries use the International System of Units – SI. Usually, the Metric System, based on multiples of 10, is used to measure the following:
Mass: Grams measure mass, the amount of matter in an object. Mass is similar to weight, but weight is affected by gravity.
Volume: Liters measure volume, the amount of space an object occupies.
Length: Meters measure length.
Prefixes, indicating which multiple of 10 is meant, can be attached to the basic unit, such as meter (m), liter (L), or gram (g). Using prefixes helps make a number more readable.
It is easy to convert the Customary System to the Metric System.
Example: You want to know how many meters are in 8 feet. You only need to remember one equation - 2.54 centimeters (cm) equal 1 inch. From there you can make an equation based on the conversions you know. You will cross from the Customary System to the Metric System only from inches to centimeters: feet --> inches --> centimeters --> meters
Next you will make equal fractions based on the rules you already know:
1 foot = 12 inches, 1 inch = 2.54 cm, 1 meter = 100 cm.
Now you can multiply to determine your answer:
8 feet Х 12 inches Х 2.54 cm Х 1 meter = 8 x 12 x 2.54 meters
1 1 foot 1 inch 100cm 100
C. Choose the correct alternative (a-d) and translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Which unit would you use to measure a highway?
a) inch b) foot c) yard d) mile
2. Which unit would you use to measure a tablecloth?
a) inch b) foot c) yard d) mile
3. Which unit would you use to measure a football field?
a) inch b) foot c) yard d) mile
4. Which unit would you use to measure the length of your bedroom?
a) inch b) foot c) yard d) mile
5. Which unit would you use to measure the length of a river?
a) inch b) foot c) yard d) mile
6. Your desk is about 3 ♦ wide.
a) inches b) feet c) yards d) miles
7. A flagpole is about 20 ♦ tall.
a) inches b) feet c) yards d) miles
8. A football field is 100 ♦ long.
a) inches b) feet c) yards d) miles
9. Your index finger is about 3 ♦ long.
a) inches b) feet c) yards d) miles
10. A pencil is about 7 ♦ long.
a) inches b) feet c) yards d) miles
11. The Mississippi River is about 2000 ♦ long.
a) inches b) feet c) yards d) miles
Ex. 10. You are free to choose a text for reading. Translate the text you’ve chosen. Do it in written form.
Text A. Rail is graded by weight over a standard length. Heavier rail can support greater axle loads and higher train speeds damage lighter rail. In North America and the UK rail is graded in pounds per yard (usually shown as 'pound' or 'lb'), so "130-pound rail" would weigh 130 lb/yd (64.5 kg/m). The usual range is 115 to 141 lb/yd (57.0 to 69.9 kg/m). In Europe, rail is graded in kg/m and the usual range is 40 to 60 kg/m (80.6 to 121.0 lb/yd). The heaviest rail mass-produced was 155 pounds per yard (76.9 kg/m) and was rolled for the Pennsylvania Railroad.
Text B. Broad gauge is the track where the rails are spaced more widely apart than 1,435 mm (4 ft 81⁄2 in) (which is called standard gauge). Many early railroads had broad gauge, for example the Great Western Railway in the UK which adopted 7 ft 1/4 in (2141 mm) gauge until it was converted to standard gauge in the 1860s-1890s. Russia still has over 80,000 km of broad gauge (1520 mm or 5 ft) railroads. Broad gauge is also normal in Spain, Portugal, and India (1680 mm or 5 ft 6 ins), as well as Ireland; it is also used in some parts of Australia (1600 mm or 5 ft 3 ins).
Text C. Railroad track where the rails are spaced less than 1,435 mm (4 ft 81⁄2 in) apart is called a narrow gauge railroad. There are many common gauges narrower than standard, among them 3 ft 6 in (1067 mm), widely used in Africa and Asia; 3 ft (914 mm), which was the most common narrow gauge in the U.S.; 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge is used in various locations across Europe, Asia, South America and Australia, and 2 ft (600 mm) in the United Kingdom. Meter gauge (1000 mm) is also widely used in Asia and Africa. Narrow-gauge lines are often found in mountainous places.
Ex. 11. When we tell people that something exists (or does not exist), we usually begin the sentences with there + to be, and put the subject after the verb. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to there + to be.
1. There’s a hole in my sock. 2. There’s some milk in the fridge. 3. Are there tigers in South America? 4. There was somebody at the door when I opened it. 5. There has been nothing in the newspaper about the accident. 6. There will be snow on high ground. 7. There might be rain later. 8. There must be some mistake. 9. There were some men standing in the school garden. 10. There was somebody looking at her. 11. There’s no need to worry – everything will be all right. 12. There are now a range of modern track forms using a concrete base. 13. There is a substructure supporting the track. 14. There are three main elements of the substructure: the formation, the sub-ballast and the ballast. 15. There are various types of sleepers and methods of securing the rails to them.
Ex. 12. Relative pronouns who, which, that or where are used to join sentences together. Make complete sentences with these relative pronouns according to the model.
Model: A pilot is a person … / flies planes. → A pilot is a person who flies planes.
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Ex. 13. Past Participle is the verb form used with the verb have in perfect tenses (eaten in I have eaten), or with the verb be in the passive (changed in it was changed), or sometimes as an adjective (broken in a broken leg). Form Past Participles from the verbs given in brackets and translate the word combinations from English into Russian according to the model.
Model: a [to fix] distance → a fixed distance [фиксированноe расстояниe]
Rails [to lay] on sleepers; ballast [to place] under and around the sleepers; the distance [to cover] by the train; [to increase] volume of traffic; [to delay] train; the track [to make up] of broken stones; sleepers [to space] at equal intervals; machinery [to produce] at our plant; the [to break] engine; rails [to secure] on sleepers; ties [to set] at the correct distance; computers [to install] in the lab; fuel [to use] in car engines; the engine [to invent] by Rudolf Diesel; the [to damage] car; freight [to transport] by railways.
Ex. 14. When we say what people or things do, we use active verbs (built, speak, is repairing, will change). When we say what happens to people or things – what is done to them – we use passive verbs (was built, is spoken, is being repaired, will be changed). The object of an active verb corresponds to the subject of a passive verb. Make up sentences using the verbs in the Passive Voice. Translate the sentences.
Model: to reconstruct/ next month/ the old bridge. → The old bridge will be reconstructed next year. [Старый мост восстановят в следующем году.]
to increase / the number of passengers / usually / in summertime.
to lay / sleepers / rails/ on.
to support / the track / by a substructure.
to use / this system / for fastening rails / to wooden sleepers.
to install / at a large mine / the first steam engine / for pumping out the water.
to inform / the engine drivers / of the position of other trains /
by signals.
to install / at frequent intervals / signals/ along the whole mainline
to see / pieces of broken glass / everywhere.
to fasten / to the sleepers / the rails.
to weld / into long rail lengths / rails
to use / special machinery / for aligning the track.
to bolt together / standard rails / to form jointed rail.
Ex. 15. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use either Active or Passive.
1. More cars ♦ [steal] every year in Britain than in any other European country: about half a million! 2. In the next ten years, about 30% of the world’s cars ♦ [manufacture] in Asia. 3. Corradino d’Ascenio ♦ [design] the first Vespa scooter in 1946. 4. The Japanese newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun ♦ [read] by over 14 million people every day. 5. Australia ♦ [produce] about 40% of the world’s diamonds. 6. A book of drawings by Leonardo da Vinci ♦ [sell] for over $30 million in 1994. 7. Surprisingly, the Finns ♦ [eat] more ice cream than any other people in Europe! 8. More than 10 million Sony PlayStations ♦ [sell] in the next year. 9. Georgio Armani ♦ [start] his successful clothes label in the late 1970s. 10. In 1997, 15% of all clothes sold in the world ♦ [make] by the American company Levi Strauss. 11. Cars ♦ [park] on both sides of the road. 12. The rear tyres ♦ [wear] out.
Ex. 16. Present Participle is formed in English by adding -ing to the verb (sleeping). It can be used: A) in continuous tenses (She's sleeping); B) as an adjective (the sleeping child); C) in participle clauses (Sleeping in bed the child looked like an angel). Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian.
A. 1. Time was running out, and I knew that being late for the interview would be disastrous. 2. I started to change the wheels myself, but I was wearing a very tight white skirt and jacket and was afraid of getting dirty. 3. The engine was beginning to get very hot and suddenly black smoke began coming out. 4. I’ve been studying English for two years. 5. As I was driving towards the centre, another car hooted (громко кричать) at me and I realized that I had a puncture. 6. How long have you been sharing a flat? 7. The worst journey I’ve ever had was three years ago when I was going to my friend’s wedding. 8. We are having a party tonight. 9. How long has he been working here? 10. What are you doing here? - I’m waiting for a friend.
B. 1. It was a very tiring meeting. 2. Most people who see a baseball game for the first time think it's pretty boring. 3. Pollution from cars is the main cause of global warming. 4. In the future you will almost surely see more and more main lines using concrete ties. 5. What’s the name of the child making the noise? 6. He told us about the experiments being carried on in his laboratory. 7. The students being chosen for the team are under twenty. 8. He’s really boring, isn’t he? Oh, I know, he never stops talking about himself. 9. The first indications were that the life-saving operation had gone well. 10. A control group of non-smoking women were compared to four groups of women smokers.
C. 1. Jumping into a small red sports car, she drove off. 2. Putting down the newspaper, I walked over to the window. 3. He sat reading some old papers. 4. Not knowing what to do, I telephoned the police. 5. Hoping to surprise her, he opened the door very quietly. 6. Wanting some excitement, Mary became a pilot. 7. It rained all the time, completely ruining our holiday. 8. After talking to you I always feel better. 9. Before driving off, always check your mirror. 10. When telephoning London from abroad, dial 1 before the number. 11. On being introduced to somebody, a British person may shake hands. 12. I got there by taking a new route through Worcester. 13. A car drove past with smoke pouring out of the back. 14. Being built of reinforced concrete the house will be durable. 15. Having plenty of time, we decided to walk to the station.
Ex. 17. Choose the correct form of Participle I or II and translate the sentences into Russian.
1.
While (repairing, repaired)
the motor the operator found two broken parts. 2. The acceleration of
a body is proportional to the force (causing, caused) it. 3. While
(explaining, explained) the results of the experiment the professor
wrote a lot of formulae on the blackboard. 4. The exhibition of
road-building machinery was much (speaking, spoken) about. 5. The
results (obtaining, obtained) showed the stability of the system. 6.
When (arranging, arranged) properly the device works without
breakdowns. 7. The mechanic (checking, checked) the braking system
didn’t find any damages. 8. At present many machines are (powering,
powered) by diesel engines. 9. They stopped at the crossing,
(waiting, waited) for the train to pass. 10. The cameras catch
motorists (breaking, broken) the speed limit. 11. The indicator
panel, (using, used) at the station to show when trains are
(arriving, arrived) or (leaving, left) was (making, made) of metal
and plastic. 12. Cables (crossing, crossed) the track are
(protecting, protected) by a plastic tube. 13. A group of
engineers is (designing, designed) a new type of tractors. 14.
The equipment (needing, needed) for the experiment was carefully
checked. 15. Don’t leave the car engine (running, run). 16. The
number of road (building, built) machines grows from year to year.
17. (Depending, depended) on the railway's standard requirements
sleepers are normally spaced at 650 mm to 760 mm intervals. 18.
(Driving, driven) carefully, the car will do fifteen kilometers to
the litre of petrol.
Ex. 18. An infinitive is often used to talk about a person’s purpose – why he or she does something. This grammar structure is called the Infinitive of Purpose. Using the given words, write the sentences with the Infinitive of Purpose, translate them into Russian.
Model: to go to the hospital yesterday / to visit a friend. I I went to the hospital yesterday to visit a friend. [Я вчера ходил в больницу, чтобы навестить друга.]
to work hard at present / to make the progress in his English. the best friend of mine
to borrow some money / to buy a computer. her sister
to invent a device recently / to increase the productivity. a research institute
to go on the Internet every evening / to check her e-mails. Helen
to be widely used / to improve the quality of passenger service. up-to-date electronic equipment
to arrive at the railway station yesterday / to buy a train ticket. I
to drive to the garage / to repair our car. Dad
to be busy all evening / to write a report. the students
to get up early / to avoid rush hours. his elder brother
to take driving lessons / to get a driving license. I
to go to the night clubs / to meet friends. young people
to be used / to perform various operations much faster and better. the advanced technology
to be provided along the railway / to protect the public from wandering onto the track. [fences]
to have ability / to correct themselves. all machines with automatic-control mechanisms
to use a modem / to send e-messages along a telephone line. we
to be laid on sleepers / to keep them at the correct distance apart. [rails]
to be used / to give load transfer. [ballast]
Ex. 19. Modals are auxiliary verbs used before other verbs to express a distinct shade of meaning. There are many kinds of modals. The modals of necessity are must, have to and have got to. In meaning, they are all basically the same, but must expresses absolute necessity. When you use have to and have got to, the necessity is less strong. Read the texts about driving rules in Britain and try to explain the using of the modals.
1. You must be at least 17 years old to drive a car or ride a motorcycle on a public road. You must be at least 18 years old to drive a medium-sized lorry. You must be at least 21 years old to drive a large lorry or a bus.
2. It is illegal to drive on a public road without a driving licence. It is also illegal to drive if your vehicle is not taxed (a tax disc must be displayed in the windscreen of your car), and you must have insurance. Third party insurance is the minimum requirement, but many people have fully comprehensive insurance, which covers damage to their own vehicle. The penalties for not having insurance are severe, and can include a fine or a disqualification from driving. Furthermore, if the vehicle you are driving is over 3 years old, it must have an annual MOT [Ministry of Transport] test (which can be done at an approved garage) to make sure it is safe to use on the road. If your car fails this test, your insurance will become invalid.
3. Before you learn to drive, you must apply for a provisional licence. This allows you to practise driving a car (or ride a motorcycle of 125 cc or less) with someone in the front seat next to you. This person must be at least 21 years old, and must have held a full licence for at least 3 years. You can get an application form for a provisional licence from a post office. You can also renew your road tax there.
4. As a learner-driver, your vehicle must display L-plates at the front and back, so that other road users can see you are learning. While you are learning to drive, you can drive on any public road except a motorway.
5. To obtain a full licence (which allows you to drive a vehicle on your own), you must pass a written theory test, and also pass a practical test, which should show you have the right skills needed to drive a vehicle safely. If you pass these tests, you will need to exchange your provisional licence for a full licence.
6. If you have a full licence and come from a European Union country, or from Iceland, Liechtenstein or Norway, you can drive a vehicle in Britain on that licence for as long as that licence is valid. If you come from a country outside the EU, you can drive on your current licence for 12 months, but after that you will need to take the test described in paragraph 5 above.
7. The British government organisation that is responsible for providing driving licences and collecting road tax is called the DVLA [Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency].
Ex. 20. You are going on a long car journey. In pairs, make true sentences with you have to, you should, you don’t have to, you shouldn’t, you mustn’t. The word combinations below will be helpful.
check the oil and water; clean your car; drive slowly in the fast lane; go over the speed limit; stop at traffic lights; use a mobile phone while you’re driving; stop and rest every two hours; let children sit in front; wear a seat-belt in the front; wear a seat-belt in the back.
Ex. 21. Match the sentences with their meanings.
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Ex. 22. A. Translate the words given in the box into English.
щебень бетонное основание слой песка деревянные шпалы железобетонная шпала стальные рельсы поверхность земли стальное колесо деревянная шпала железобетонные шпалы стальные шпалы железобетонная опора |
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words and translate the sentences.
1. The crossties of the underground railway are laid directly on ♦. 2. In Britain c last about 20 years, whereas the service life of ♦ in India is 15 years. 3. London Underground was laid down close to the ♦. 4. Ballast is usually made up of ♦. 5. ♦ are much heavier than wooden ones. 6. The highest price ♦ costs $700 a ton. 7. The surfaces of ♦ become worn over time varying between months and years depending on the usage and design. 8. A thick ♦ lay on the floor. 9. The first ♦ used anywhere in the world were laid at Derby station on the Midland Railway in 1857. 10. In some situations where track maintenance is difficult, such as in some tunnels, ballast and sleepers are replaced by ♦ of the rails. 11. ♦ have been used in certain European, African, and Asian countries.
Ex. 23. Match the English phrases with their Russian equivalents:
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ailway
route
Texts A. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary if necessary.
Railway track
(1) Railway track is the base upon which the railway runs. To give a train a good ride, the track alignment must be set to within a millimeter of the design.
(2) The track is a fundamental part of the railway infrastructure and it has evolved since long ago. The modern railway version is based on the steel wheel running on a steel rail.
(3)The track is the most obvious part of a railway route but there is a substructure supporting the track which is important to ensure a safe and comfortable ride for the train and its passengers or freight. The substructure consists of three main elements: the formation, the sub-ballast and the ballast. The formation is the ground upon which the track will be laid. The track itself is supported on ballast, made up of broken stones, below which is a layer of sand, which separates it from the formation. Ballast is provided to give support, load transfer and drainage to the track and thereby keep water away from the rails and sleepers. Ballast must support the weight of the track and the loading of passing trains.
(4) The usual track form consists of the two steel rails, secured on sleepers. The whole structure keeps the rails at the correct distance apart (the gauge) and is capable of supporting the weight of trains. There are various types of sleepers and methods of securing the rails to them. Sleepers are normally spaced at 650 mm (25 ins) to 760 mm (30 ins) intervals, depending on the railway's standard requirements.
(5) While the ballast and ties also play a very important role within the track structure, without the rails trains could not operate. Older track is jointed. Nowadays, rails are welded into long rail lengths, which can be up to several hundred metres long. Welded or continuous welded rails provide a better ride, reduce wear, reduce damage to train wheels and eliminate the noise associated with rail joints.
(6) Theses days there is a range of modern track forms using a concrete base. They are generally used in special locations such as tunnels or bridges where a rigid base is required to ensure track stability. This type of track is usually called slab track or non-ballasted track.
Ex. 24. Go back to text A and using the paragraph reference find the words which are similar to:
railroad, movement (paragraph 1);
system, to develop, to move (paragraph 2);
to hold up, cargo, to include, to place, ties (paragraph 3);
crossties, to fasten, to set apart, able, distance (paragraph 4).
Ex. 25. Scan the text and find the words which are similar in meaning to:
the base upon which the railway runs;
the state of being arranged in a line with something or parallel to something;
the part of a road that is under it and supports it;
a layer of broken stones that a road or railway line is built on;
the width between the inner faces of the rails;
one of the two long metal tracks fastened to the ground that trains move along;
a heavy piece of wood or concrete that supports a railway track;
the track in which the rails are laid in lengths of around 20 m and bolted to each other end-to-end.
Ex. 26. Translate the following sentences into English.
Нижнее строение пути обеспечивает безопасное и комфортное прохождение поезда.
Нижнее строение пути состоит из трех главных компонентов: земляного полотна, нижнего слоя балластной призмы и балласта.
Балласт в основном делается из щебня.
Балласт удерживает путь и обеспечивает его осушение.
Основными компонентами железнодорожного полотна являются рельсы, шпалы, рельсовые скрепления и балластный слой.
Рельсы прикрепляются к шпалам.
Существуют разные типы шпал и методы крепления рельс к ним.
В наше время рельсы свариваются в длинные рельсовые плети и образуют бесстыковой путь.
Бесстыковой путь обеспечивает лучшее качество движения, сокращает износ, снижает повреждение колес и устраняет шум, вызванный прохождением по рельсовым стыкам.
В тоннелях используется, главным образом, путь на плитах, чтобы обеспечивать устойчивость пути.
Конструкция строения пути может быть звеньевой с рельсами длиной до 60 метров и бесстыковой, уложенной сварными плетями длиной до 1500-500 метров.
Text B. Before reading text B learn some facts about Light Rail System in the US.
Light rail is a city rail system based on tram design standards that operates mostly in private right-of-way separated from other traffic but sometimes, if necessary, mixed with other traffic in city streets. Light rail vehicles (LRVs) generally have a top speed of around 55 mph (90 km/h) though mostly operating at much lower speeds than road vehicles. LRVs usually run on rail network that weighs less per foot (due to a smaller track profile) than the tracks used for mainline freight trains; thus they are "light rail" due to the smaller rails usually used.
You are free to choose between Original and Adаpted texts. Scan the chosen text and write down all the unknown words. If you fail to guess their meaning, consult a dictionary.
Original Text