11. Phraseology and its stylistic use.

Set-phrases are much more expressive than their non-phraseol. counter parts. As well as w-s, phras. units can be stylistically neutral, elevated, etc.

Ex: the elevated phrases

Archaisms:

low and behold

To cost a pretty penny = to cost an arm and a leg

The iron in one’s soul = permanent embitterment

Mahomet’s coffin= between good and evil

To play upon advantage= to swindle

Bookish phrases:

To go to Canossa =to submit

The debt of nature= death

The night of the quill= writer

Gordian knot = a complicated problem

The sword of Damocles

Achilles’s feet

Foreign phrases:

Alma-Mater (barbarism)

A propos de bottes = unconnected with the preceding remark

Most juste= the exact word

Subneutral phrases

Colloquial:

Alive and kicking= safe and sound

A pretty kettle of fish= muddle

To fly off the handle= to become angry

Jargon

A loss leader

Old slang:

To be nuts about= to be extremely fond of

To shoot one’s grandmother= to say a non-sensual or commonplace thing

To keep in the pin= to abstain from drinking

To kick the bucket, to hop the twig= to die

Mad as a bicycle, to shoot one’s grandmother

A very effective st-c device is intentional violation of phras. units

• The writer pretends to understand the phrase literally thus disclosing the inner form

• The writer reminds the reader of the additional meaning of the components

• The writer insert additional components in the set-expression

• The writer substitutes the beg. words of the phrase.

Sometimes it is accompanied by changes in spelling( Sofa, so good!= so far, so good!)

12. Figures of speech. Their classification.

Semasiology (onomasiology) is a branch of linguistics that studies stylistic phenomena in the stylistic meaning, investigates shifts of meaning and certain combination of meaning.

Stylistic phenomena effected by various shifts of meanings are usually termed “figures of speech”.

Figures of speech
Figures of replacement (tropes) based on replacement of the habitual name of a thing by its situational substitute; it is one meaning that produces stylistic effect (PARADIGMATIC SEMASILOGY=ONOMASIOLOGY)		Figures of co-occurrence based on combination of meaning in speech; it is a combination of at least two meanings that produces stylistic effect (SINTAGMATIC SEMASIOLOGY)
f. of quantity	f. of quality	f. of identity	f. of inequality	f. of contrast
- hyperbole - understatement (meiosis) - litotes	- transfer by contiguity(metonymic group): metonymy, synecdoche, periphrasis - transfer by similarity(metaphoric group): metaphor, personification, epithet - transfer by contrast: irony	- simile - synonymic repetition	- gradation - anti-climax	- antithesis -oxymoron

Tropes (Greek tropos – ‘turning’) are all kinds of transfer of denominations (from a traditional object to a situational object).

The psychological essence of a trope is just the prominence given to two units of sense in one unit of form. Only the double meaning creates an image; we observe a trope only when we see both meanings. If only one meaning then we deal with ‘etymological tropes’ (metaphors), ‘dead’ tropes, which are studied by lexicology. Ex: back of a chair, leg of a table, foot of a hill, выпил целую чашку.

The difference between the f. of quantity and f. of quality.

Quantitative deviation – either saying too much overestimating the dimensions(величина, мера, степень) of the object or saying too little undervaluing the size of the thing , its importance etc.

-Have you got any money on you?

-Yes, I have 3 dollars.(neutral)/Oh, yes, lots! (overestimating)/Yes, just pennies though. (undervaluing)

By quantitative difference we mean a radical difference between the usual meaning of a linguistic unit and its actual reference.

Hey you, green coat! You left your handbag!

A fine friend you are!