7. Archaic Words.

The greek w. “archaos”. W-s which are practically out of use in present day l-ge and left as obsolete.

May be subdivided into 2 groups:

• historical (material). Denote the reference which no longer exist or which are no longer used (disappeared)

(yeoman, halberd)

• lexical. The object they denote still exist but such ws have been outsted by a synonym.

(main=ocean, deem= consider, lea= field)

Used in:

1. historical fiction to recreate the sp. Of the époque or the historical atmosphere. Archaisation in fiction does not mean complete reproduction of the sp. of the past. It only means an occasional use of archaic words and wordforms.

(methinks- думалось мне)  put he me (это написано на староанглийском. с палочками над P, U, E). More often than not, archaisation in fiction is relative.

2. In poetry used to impart an emotional coloring.

(Behold her single in the field…

Abandon hope all ye who enter here. Dante)

3. Official documents

(Aforecited)

4. clerical literature

(Physician, heal thyself)

Quite different is the function of archaisms in poetry as well as in official documents.

They are employed in poetry due to their stylistic coloring of elevation, creating a romantic atmosphere.

Ex: I saw three weep- the big bright tear

Come o’er that eye of blue;

And then methought it did appear

A violet dropping dew…(Byron)

Behold her, single in the field,

Yon solitary Highland Lass! (Wordworth)

The coloring can be described as poetic and solemn at the same time.

The forms whereof or wherefore make both law acts and poems high-flown

Ex:

In witness whereof we have caused this diploma to be signed…

Men of England, wherefore plough

For the lords who lay ye low?

8. Colloquial words.

The distinctive feature of colloq-sms is the absence of st-c intention from the part of the speaker. We use such words automatically, without intention to be rude.

There is nothing ethicalyy improper in their st-c connotation exept that they can’t be used in official sit-ns.

Colloquial w-s include:

• colloq. w-s proper- colloq. synonyms of neutral w-s

(chap= fellow, kid= child, dad= father, chunk= lump, sniffy= disdainful, drifter= a person without a steady job.

Molly-coddle- an effeminate man or boy

Drifter- a person without a steady job

“back seat driver”- a person who wants to control everything)

+ nursery w-s and diminutives (уменьшительно-ласкат.)

(pyssy= she-cat, mummy, dad, tummy= stomach, gee-gee= horse

• phonetic variants of neutral w-s

(baccy= tobacco, feller= fellow, gaffer= grandfather)

+ contractions of aux. and modal verbs (won’t, don’t, doesn’, shan’t, ‘ve, ‘d, ‘ll.. )

• diminutives (уменьшительно-ласкат.)

(granny, daddy, lassie, piggy, daddy + names Bobby, Johny, Polly)

• colloq. meaning of polysemantic w-s

( pretty= very. Pretty soon)

• mild curses (interjections)

(damn, hell, well, why, gee!, eh?)

*me, mom, ain’t- are not colloq. they are popular speech