5. Stylistic classification of vocabulary.

Both subneutral and superneutral w-s according to Screbnev can be divided into 3 degrees of elevation and degradation: minimal, medial, maximum.

The minimal degree presupposes the absence of st-c purpose.

Ex: activity, prevail

dad, fridge, adverts

маршрутка, зеленка, марганцовка

The medial degree implies deliberate choice. It is a conscious act: either the desire to sound elegant or high-flown or the intentional use of w-s band (forbidden) by polite usage.

Ex: hence, thereby

Sagacity= wisdom, cleverness

Somnolent= sleepy

Expurgate= strike out or wipe out parts of a text

dog = unattractive woman (стремный)

The maximal degree comprises highly expressive superneutral words and w-s inadmissible ethically (vulgar subneutral w-s)

Ex: bitch

The borderline b/w these layers is very vague but there certainly is a difference b/w what is used habitually, what-on purpose and what is employed as exception.

The correlation b/w the traditional classification of the voc-ry and the st-c scale of value can be presented in the following way:

SUPER Max: archaisms

Med: expressively bookish, some barbarisms

Min: slightly bookish, some barbarisms, special terms used in non-professional spheres

SUB Min: colloq.

Med: slang, jargon, nonce-w-s, dialectisms

Max: vulgarisms

6. Bookish words. Barbarisms.

Bookish words. Constitute the overwhelming majority of elevated w-s. They belong to cultivated spheres of sp.(public sp., official negotiations). Most are Latin and Greek loans.

B. w-s include:

• Formal, often high-flown synonyms of neutral w-s

(to commence- to begin; respond-answer, an individual- a person; sagacious- shrewd (проницательный)).

• W-s which express notions that can only be rendered by descriptive w.combinations.

( to hibernate- 1. to spent the winter in a sleeping state. 2. to spent a winter in a mild climate)

In poetry: quoth- to say, spouse- husband and wife, woe- sorrow, foe-enemy.

-Some B. w-s are archaic at the same time: aught (anything), naught (nothing), eke (also), whilom ( formerly), albeit (though)

-Some are morphological variants of neutral w-s. (morn=morning, oft =often, list =listen, even- evening)

-Some are phonetical variants of neutral w-s. (o’er= over, ne’er= never)

Barbarism. The st-c status of barbarism is controversial. Sometimes they are not treated as part of the national language. These w-s are borrowed too, but they are still aliens, they still look/sound foreign.

They include late unassimilated borrowings (Latin- alret ego, alma mater, dixi; Italian- in a wisper voice,dolce-far-niente; French- idea fix, rouge, vis-à-vis, bouquet, billet-doux)

Their st-c value may differ from minimal to mid. degree of collation.

Used:

1. in the personage’s discourse

   • to characterize the personage as belonging to a certain nation

   • for character drawing (the desire to sound exquisite, sense of humor)

2. in the author’s discourse (mid.degree)

• either for intentionally elegant style or to create the local background