- •Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
- •Институт транспорта
- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •1. Английский алфавит и транскрипция.
- •2. Read the sounds.
- •3. Read the transcription of the words. Pay attention to the sounds.
- •4. Read the transcription of the following words.
- •5. Study the tables and read the words given after them.
- •Четыре типа чтения гласных букв в ударных слогах
- •Чтение согласных буквoсочетаний
- •Согласные буквы, имеющие два чтения
- •Чтение гласных буквoсочетаний
- •9. Can you complete the following proverbs? Read and translate.
- •Introducing
- •1.Can you introduce yourself? What is your name? Where are you from?
- •Представление посредником
- •Р еплики представленных
- •2. Read and act out the following dialogues.
- •3. Fill in the blanks using the necessary form of the verb to be.
- •Try to make up your own dialogue.
- •Think and say.
- •Unit 2 character
- •Find out.
- •Questionnaire
- •Take notes on similarities and differences. Here are some ideas:
- •What kind of person are you? What is your sign of the Zodiac? Signs of the Zodiac
- •5. Complete the following sentences.
- •6. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Use the phrases of agreement and disagreement given above.
- •7. Now introduce your partner and tell us what his or her sign of the Zodiac is.
- •8. Would you read the following traits of character? Find which of them are suitable most for you.
- •9. Sort the words from the task 8 into positive and negative traits of character.
- •Try to combine the words from the task 8 into: a) synonyms and b)
- •11. Disagree with the following statements and reword the sentences to give the opposite impression. Use the phrases of disagreement given above.
- •13. Study the table given below. Agree or disagree with the statements of your partner. Use the adjectives characterizing different traits of a character.
- •Past Simple and Future Simple of the verb to be
- •1 4. Speak about yourself when you were a child. Think and tell us what specialist you will be in future
- •15.Chinese horoscope
- •P resent simple
- •1 6. Complete the sentences? Use the correct form of the following verbs.
- •17. Change the sentences from the positive into negative?
- •18. Choose 5 or 6 adjectives which you think best describe either your own or a friend’s character. How do you or your friend demonstrate these characteristics?
- •19. You are asking somebody questions. Write these questions.
- •20. Answer the following questions.
- •2 1. Speak about the people you admire. Explain why you admire such people.
- •22. Character Chainword
- •Read some riddles about parts of the body. Can you guess what parts are meant here?
- •Learn these words and expressions.
- •Find synonyms and antonyms to the following words and word
- •4. Add a prefix from the box to the underlined words.
- •6. Complete these sentences. (More than one answer may be possible)
- •Present Simple of the verb have got
- •Past Simple
- •8. Put the following verbs in the Past Simple Tense and read them.
- •9. Give two forms of the verbs.
- •10. Сomplete the sentences. Use the correct form of the following verbs.
- •11. Сhange the sentences from the positive into negatives.
- •1 2. Read the text about Leonardo DiCaprio and answer the questions given after it.
- •13. Do you remember the appearance of this actor? Can you complete it?
- •14. Translate the sentences into English.
- •Degress of comparison of adjectives
- •Superlative
- •15. Write the comparative and superlative forms.
- •16. Complete the sentences using the positive, comparative or superlative forms.
- •17. Fill in the blanks using as… as or so… as.
- •18. Read, translate and learn by heart.
- •2 0. Read the text, translate it and give the portraits of David and Victor.
- •21. Give a portrait of the person you admire and tell a few words of his character. Future Simple
- •22. Put the verbs into the Future Simple (positive or negative form).
- •23. Try to imagine how you will look like in 20-30 years. Make up a portrait of your group-mate or your personal portrait in future.
- •24. Solve the puzzle and read the proverb
- •3. Read these statements about cultural behavior. Is it the same or different in Russia?
- •4. Comment upon each phrase. What do you think can be regarded as good or bad manners in Russia?
- •Study the table, then answer the questions using the first conditional structure. First conditional
- •6. There are some more conditional sentences. Use the correct form of the verbs and make all necessary additions to complete the sentences.
- •7. Translate these sentences from Russian into English.
- •8. Are you a peaceful person? Answer the questions as honestly as you can and then find out your total score. (But don’t take the test too seriously!)
- •Модальные глаголы, выражающие возможность
- •Модальные глаголы, выражающие должествование
- •10. Translate the following sentences paying attention to modals.
- •1 1. Read and translate the following text. Pay attention to the Modal Verbs. Expert Advice on Etiquette Dilemmas
- •Complete the following sentences using modals.
- •13. Work in pairs. One of you is an etiquette expert answering questions about good manners. Another is a young person asking for advice of food manners. Use the phrases of giving advice.
- •1 4. Read and translate the text. Good manners. How not to behave badly abroad.
- •1 5. Answer the questions on the text.
- •16. Discuss the following.
- •What members of the family can you name?
- •3. Look at the words in the vocabulary box.
- •1) Put the words in pairs. Two words have no pairs. Which ones are they?
- •2) Divide all members of the family into Female relatives and Male relatives.
- •Plural forms of the noun
- •4. Give the plural form of the words.
- •5. Write the plurals of the words given in brackets to complete the sentences;
- •Possessive 's / '
- •6. Rewrite these sentences, putting the apostrophe (') where necessary. If two answers are possible, write the more likely one.
- •7. Transform the prases. Use the possessive where possible.
- •8. Use the correct possessives to complete the sentences. If two answers are possible, write the more than one.
- •Rewrite these sentences using 's, s', or just an apostrophe (').
- •10. You have some information about the James family. Read it carefully and fill in the missing names in the family tree and also the jobs of the people in the middle row. The James Family Tree
- •11. Read the text about the family of Corinne and draw a line to show each person's relationship to her. Say what members of the family she has.
- •12. Correct the statements below with the true sentences.
- •13. Read and translate the text. Rememebr the following words.
- •1 4. Match the questions with each paragraph. There is one extra question.
- •1 5. Work in pairs and answer the questions above with the specific information about your family. Ask more questions about the family of your partner.
- •16. Work in groups. What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in a large family?
- •17. Read the text and make more notes about the advantages and disadvantages of living in a large family.
- •26. Read the information about the family as a social problem. Answer the questions at the beginning of the text. Russian family: What Is It Like?
- •27. Answer the questions.
- •2 8. Speak on the general information about family life in your country.
- •2 9. Find 19 members of the family hidden here.
- •House and housecleaning
- •1. Look at the various types of houses below. Which house would you like to live in?
- •3. What are these rooms used for? Match each part of the house with what usually happens there.
- •4. Which part of the house is different from other three in each group?
- •Present Simple of the there is / there are
- •Prepositions of place and time
- •5. Put in the right prepositions from the box above.
- •7. Complete the sentences using there’s, there are, is there, are there?
- •Some, any, no
- •8. Fill in some, any, no.
- •9 . Work in pairs. Can you complete the sentences (where it is necessary) and make a new sentence.
- •10. Complete the text with it or there.
- •11. Read the text and answer the questions given below it.
- •12. What kind of housing do you have? Complete this checklist, and then find your score below.
- •13. Think and say.
- •14. Can you answer the following questions?
- •15. Look through the text given below, and try to find English equivalents for the following words and phrases.
- •16. Read and translate the text.
- •17. Choose the words or word combinations you can correctly use in these sentences.
- •Supply the missing prepositions and adverbs where necessary.
- •1 9. Answer the following questions.
- •20. Split up into the groups of five and retell this text playing your roles.
- •21. Read the conversation between John and Mary, who are husband and wife, and their friend Helen. Then talk over the following questions with your classmate.
- •Housekeeping
- •22. Work in pairs. Discuss with your partner the problem of household chores. Express your feelings on this problem. Speak on the following:
- •23. Speak on the housecleaning in your flat. Begin some of your sentences with:
- •P resent continuous
- •24. Rewrite each sentence into positive or negative sentence, or a question according to the example.
- •25. Put the verbs into the Present Simple or Present Continuous.
- •4. Complete the chart with words or phrases related to food from the vocabulary above.
- •5. Read and translate the text and say what problem is discussed in it. Do we live to eat?
- •6. Think and give the reasons (at least 2-3) why people all over the world become fat.
- •7. Read the text and compare your reason with the given ones in the text.
- •Past continuous
- •8. Look at these sentences and say Which happened first?
- •9. Complete these sentences by putting the verbs into the Past Continuous or the Past Simple.
- •10. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the Past Continuous or the Past Simple.
- •Now be ready to speak on the advantages and disadvantages of being a veggie. Use the following phrases.
- •16. Read and translate the passages and choose from the list of people in the box who wrote them. Only four of the eight possibilities are correct.
- •17. Look at the photographs below and decide which of the columns in the
- •22. Study the words and phrases and make up sentences with their help to answer the question. Why is smoking dangerous.
- •23. Get into groups of 3-4 and think of sad facts about smoking.
- •24. Read the sad facts about the smoking and find if they are the same as yours.
- •2 5. Have a talk with your partner. You should convince, encourage him to stop smoking.
- •26. Read the views of different people on this point: should smoking be banned in public places? What is your opinion?
- •2 7. Get into two groups: for and against smoking. Give your arguments and prove your position.
- •28. Speak on the problem of smoking. Express your point of view on this matter.
- •2 9. Find all the words related to the lifestyle problem and fill in the chainword. Some letters of the words are given.
- •1. Think and answer the questions.
- •Present perfect
- •4. Open the brackets, put the verbs in Present Perfect. Find the proper place in the sentences for just, already, ever, never, yet.
- •Compare the tenses:
- •6. What is Healthy Way of Life?
- •7. Study the new words and expressions.
- •1) How do you understand the expression “healthy way of living,” what does it mean?
- •General Opinion
- •2) Do you practice sports, or not? if you do, how often? (Responses of those saying they have the opportunity to practice sports)
- •3) If you do physical training or practice sports, exactly what do you do?
- •9. Read the text and choose the exircises you think are the most useful and healthy for your body. Sports and Exercises
- •12. Write down the questions to the text and ask the students in your group to answer them.
- •13. Speak on the problem of "Healthy Way of Life".
- •25 Ways to a happier life
- •Приложение 1
- •Сводная таблица чтения согласных
- •Сводная таблица чтения гласных
- •Приложение 2 сводная таблица времен simple
- •Continuous
- •Приложение 3 сводная таблица нестандартных глаголов
- •Словообразование
- •Продуктивные префиксы
- •Значения жестов
- •Список использованной литературы
Словообразование
Продуктивные способы словообразования. Продуктивными способами словообразования в современном английском языке являются: суффиксация, префиксация, конверсия, словосложение.
С У Ф Ф И К С А Ц И Я
Суффиксация – это способ образования новых слов путем прибавления суффикса к основе слова, например: teach – teach-er, cardiology – cardiolog-ist.
Суффиксы служат не только для образования новых слов, как write – writ-er, но и являются средством оформления различных частей речи: существительных (dry – dri-ness), прилагательных (silk – silk-y), глаголов (bright – bright-en), наречий (nice – nice-ly).
Суффиксы имен существительных. Продуктивные суффиксы, которые служат для образования существительных, обозначающих лицо или предмет:
Суффикс |
Исходная форма |
Перевод |
Образованное слово |
Перевод |
- er/-or |
lead build elect act indicate |
руководить строить избирать играть (на сцене) указывать |
lead-er build-er elect-or act-or indicat-or |
руководитель строитель избиратель актер индикатор |
- ist |
science tour
social |
наука совершать поездку общественный |
scient-ist tour-ist
social-ist |
учёный турист
социалист |
- ess |
poet lion actor |
поэт лев актер |
poet-ess lion-ess actr-ess |
поэтесса львица актриса |
Продуктивные суффиксы, образующие абстрактные существительные:
Суффикс |
Исходная форма |
Перевод |
Образованное слово |
Перевод |
- ing |
read train |
читать тренировать |
read-ing train-ing |
чтение тренировка |
- ism |
patriot hero |
патриот герой |
patriot-ism hero-ism |
патриотизм героизм |
- ness |
hard conscious |
твердый сознательный |
hard-ness conscious-ness |
твердость сознательность |
- ship |
friend |
друг |
friend-ship |
дружба |
- man |
police |
полиция |
police-man |
полицейский |
Малопродуктивные суффиксы, которые образуют существительные, обозначающие деятеля или лиц различных национальностей:
Суффикс |
Исходная форма |
Перевод |
Образованное слово |
Перевод |
- ent - ant |
correspond inhabit |
переписываться населять |
correspond-ent inhabit-ant |
корреспондент житель |
- err/-ier |
engine finance |
машина финансы |
engin-eer financ-ier |
инженер финансист |
- ese |
Japan |
Япония |
Japan-ese |
японец |
- ian/-an |
mathematics America |
математика Америка |
mathematic-ian Americ-an |
математик американец |
- ling |
hire duck |
нанимать утка |
hire-ling duck-ling |
наемник утенок |
Малопродуктивные суффиксы, которые образуют абстрактные существительные, обозначающие состояние, признак:
Суффикс |
Исходная форма |
Перевод |
Производное слово |
Перевод |
- age |
mile leak |
миля течь, проса- чиваться |
mile-age leak-age |
расстояние в милях просачивание, течь |
- ance - ence - al |
assist differ deny renew |
помогать различаться отрицать обновлять |
assist-ance differ-ence deni-al renew-al |
помощь различие отрицание обновление |
- dom
|
free martyr |
свободный мученик |
free-dom martyr-dom |
свобода мученичество |
- hood |
brother child |
брат ребенок |
brother-hood child-hood |
братство детство |
- (i) ty |
final |
окончательный |
final-ity |
окончательность |
- ics
- y |
-
- |
-
- |
mathemat-ics phys-ics mechan-ics geolog-y biolog-y geograph-y |
математика физика механика геология биология география |
- ment
|
move develop |
двигать развивать |
move-ment develop-ment |
движение развитие |
- tion |
exhibit |
выставлять |
exhibit-ion |
выставка |
- ation |
limit repeat |
ограничивать повторять |
limit-ation repeti-tion |
ограничение повторение |
- sion |
conclude |
заключать |
conclu-sion |
заключение |
- ess |
wait |
ждать |
waitr-ess |
|
Суффиксы имен прилагательных. Производные имена прилагательные образуются главным образом от существительных и глаголов (иногда от прилагательных).
Суффикс |
Исходная форма |
Перевод |
Производное слово |
Перевод |
- able/ - ible |
change respond |
изменять отвечать |
chang-able respons-ible |
изменчивый ответственный |
- al |
region experiment |
район эксперимент |
region-al experiment-al |
районный экспериментальный |
- an
- ed |
Russia Africa approve depress |
Россия Африка одобрять подавлять |
Russia-an Afric-an approve-ed depress-ed |
русский африканский одобренный подавленный |
- ful
- ic |
forget peace beauty economy |
забывать мир красота экономика |
forget-ful peace-ful beauti-ful econom-ic |
забывчивый мирный красивый экономический |
- ish |
Swede Briton black red boy |
швед британец черный красный мальчик |
Swed-ish Brit-ish black-ish redd-ish boy-ish |
шведский британский черноватый красноватый мальчишеский |
- less |
hope limit meaning wood |
надежда предел смысл лес |
hope-less limit-less meaning-less wood-less |
безнадежный беспредельный бессмысленный безлесный |
- en
- y - ous - ese - ant/-ent - ive |
wood wool luck fame Japan differ compete |
древесина шерсть удача слава Япония различать соревноваться |
wood-en wool-en lucky famous Japanese different competitive |
деревянный шерстяной удачный известный японский различный конкурентный |
Суффиксы глаголов. Производные глаголы образуются обычно от существительных и прилагательных.
Суффикс |
Исходная форма |
Перевод |
Производное слово |
Перевод |
- ate |
origin |
происхождение |
origin-ate |
происходить |
- en |
bright tight red |
яркий тугой красный |
bright-en tight-en redd-en |
осветиться затянуть покраснеть |
- i (fy) |
solid pure beauty |
твердый чистый красота |
solid-ify pur-ify beauti -fy |
твердеть очищать украшать |
-ize/-ise |
mineral organ collective |
минерал орган коллектив |
mineral-ize organ-ize collectiv-ise |
минерализировать организовывать коллективизировать |
Суффиксы наречий. Единственный продуктивный суффикс, с помощью которого образуются наречия от прилагательных, это суффикс-ly.
Суффикс |
Исходная форма |
Перевод |
Производное слово |
Перевод |
- ly |
quick soft strong |
быстрый мягкий сильный |
quick-ly soft-ly strong-ly |
быстро мягко сильно |
- ward |
sea south back |
море юг задний |
sea-ward south-ward back-ward |
в направлении моря к югу назад |
- fold
|
two ten |
два десять |
two-fold ten-fold |
вдвое вдесятеро |
Как видно из приведенных примеров, суффиксы участвуют в образовании слов как внутри одной части речи (engine - engineer), так и в образовании слов, принадлежащих к разным частям речи (soft – прилагательное; softly – наречие, softness – существительное; soften - глагол).
Префиксация – это образование новых слов прибавлением префикса к основе слова. В отличие от суффиксов, которые часто служат для образования новой части речи, префиксы обычно образуют новые слова внутри одной и той же части речи (pleasant приятный, unpleasant неприятный).
Префиксы можно классифицировать по их лексическому значению, а именно: префиксы, придающие словам отрицательное или противоположное значения, выражающие предшествование или последовательность, повторность и т.д.