Аигпшаш

Л. Н. Андрианова, Н.Ю.Багрова, Э.В.Ершова

КНИГА ДЛЯ ЧТЕНИЯ

для заочных технических вузов

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ИМ. Андршйнова Н.Ю. Багрова 9. В.-Ершова

_{Английский}

JgfotK

КНИГА ДЛЯ ЧТЕНИЯ

Эля заочных технических вузов

Издание пятое, исправленное и дополненное

Допущено Министерством высшего и среднего специального образования СССР в качестве учебного пособия для студентов высших технических учебных заведений

Москва

«Высшая школа» 1988

ББК 81.2 Англ-923 А 65

ПРЕДИСЛОВ И В

кафедра иострашшх языков Всесоюзного заочного машино­строительного института (зав. кафедрой канд. филол. наук, проф. Т. В. Борисова)

Задача настоящего пособия — дать студентам 1 и II курсов технических вузов и факультетов материал для чтения, подоб­ранный из оригинальной английской и американской литера­туры. Оно является приложением к «Учебнику английского языка для студентов заочных вузов и факультетов» ¹ и состоит из трех'частей.

I часть включает тексты, которые следует читать после ука­занных уроков учебника. Они, как правило, повторяют грам­матику и тематику текстов учебника с добавлением небольшого количества новых слов.

Во II часть включены дополнительные тексты общетехни­ческого характера, которые подводят студентов к чтению ориги­нальной технической литературы. Заканчивается II часть не­большим разделом "Jokes and Anecdotes about Scientists".

В III части помещен материал, знакомящий студентов с жиз­нью и политическим строем страны изучаемого языка.

Тексты данного сборника могут быть использованы как при работе в аудитории под руководством преподавателя, так и для внеаудиторного чтения.

В пятое издание пособия включены новые тексты, отражаю- щие уровень развития современных науки и техники в СССР и за рубежом в области ЭВМ, робототехники и космических ис- следований. »

Авторы

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1SBN5 06—001316—2 ©Издательство «Высшаяшкола», 1973

ии uuioiu @ издательство «Высшая школа», 1988, с изменениями

Part One

Notes

NIKOLAI IVANOVICH LOBACHEVSKY (1792-1856)

(to be read after Lesson 3)

N.I. Lobachevsky is a great Russian mathematician and the creator of non-Euclidean geometry.¹ He was born on December 1, 1792 in Nizhni Novgorod in a poor fam­ily. When N. Lobachevsky was a child, his father died and the family moved to Kazan. There the boy learned at the "gymnasium" from 1802 to 1807 and in 1807 he entered Kazan University. At the University N.I. Loba­chevsky spent the next forty years of his life as a student, professor and rector.

Lobachevsky became interested in ² mathematics when he was still a schoolboy and he remained true to ⁸ this science all his life long.

Lobachevsky did a lot to make Kazan University a first-rate * educational institution of that time. At the same time he made extensive researches into mathematics.

On February 23, 1826 a great event took place at Kazan University. N.I. Lobachevsky presented a paper "A Brief Outline of the Principles of Geometry Strictly Demonstrating the Theorem of Parallel Lines." s That day a new geometrical system, the so-called non-Euclidean geometry was born. In the paper he attacked the theory which was the basis of geometry for 2,000 years and made a real revolution in mathematics.

In the years that followed Lobachevsky wrote a number of ⁶ works in the field of algebra and mathematical ana­lysis. However, nearly nobody understood and recognized his works at that time. They were recognized only twelve years after his death.

Lobachevsky's ideas greatly influenced the develop­ment not only of geometry and other mathematical sci­ences, but also mechanics, physics and astronomy. One British mathematician called Lobachevsky "Copernicus of Geometry".

t. non-Euclidean geometry — неэвклидова геометрия. Эвклид — (4—5 вв. до н.э.) древнегреческий философ

2. to become interested in — (за)шпересоваться

3. to remain true to — оставаться верным (чему-л.)

4. first-rate — первоклассный

5. "A Brief Outline of the Principles of Geometry Strictly Demon­strating the Theorem of Parallel Lines" — «Сжатое изложение основ геометрии со строгим доказательством теоремы о парал­лельных»

6. a number of — несколько

JAMES CLERK MAXWELL (1831-1879)

James Clerk Maxwell, the great physicist and mathe­matician, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on Novem­ber 13, 1831.

After school he entered the University of that city. Then he attended the University of Cambridge and grad­uated from it in 1854. When at the University Maxwell took great interest in mathematics and optics.

- For two years after the University he lectured, made experiments in optics at Trinity College and studied much himself.

In 1856 he became professor of natural philosophy and in 1860 professor of physics and astronomy at King's College, London. In London he lived for 5 years. Here he saw Faraday for the first time.¹

In 1871 Maxwell became professor of experimental physics at Cambridge. At that time students could not even have such subjects as electricity or magnetism as there was no laboratory for the study of these subjects. Maxwell organized such a laboratory which made Cam­bridge world-known.²

This was a very fruitful period of Maxwell's life. He studied the problems of electromagnetisrn, molecular physics, optics, mechanics and others.

Maxwell wrote his first scientific work when he was fifteen. Since that time he wrote a great number of works which were the results of his experiments and calcula­tions.

His most outstanding investigations, however, are in the field of the kinetic theory of gases and electricity. Maxwell is the founder of the electromagnetic field (side by side with ^s Faraday) and the electromagnetic theory of light. In 1873 he published his famous work on elec­tricity and magnetism. During these years he also wrote his classic "Matter and Motion", a small book on a great subject, and many articles on various subjects ("Atoms", "Attraction", "Faraday" and others).

Maxwell's works on the kinetic theory of gases, the theory of heat, dynamics, and the mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism are monuments to his great genius.

Notes