- •Аннотация
- •Содержание
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •Vocabulary
- •II. Answer the questions
- •III. Make up your own sentences with the vocabulary
- •IV. Complete the sentences
- •V. Agree or disagree with the statements
- •VI. Prepare a summary of the text
- •VII. Retell the summary grammar: complex object
- •Exercises
- •Не did it. They saw it. - They saw him do it.
- •Additional study: world’s wonders
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •The Pharos was a tower of white marble built 270 вс. Of all the Seven Wonders of the world only the pyramids have endured to modern times.
- •Vocabulary
- •II. Make up your own sentences with the vocabulary
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Make a test
- •V. Retell the text unit 2 lexical material: construction works
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •Vocabulary
- •II. Make up your own sentences with the vocabulary
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Complete the sentences
- •V. Put all types of questions to the sentence
- •VI. Retell the text grammar: complex subject
- •Exercises
- •It is believed that the poem was written by Byron.
- •Additional study: the history of architecture
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •II. Give translation of the following words and phrases:
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Complete the sentences
- •Unit 3 lexical material: history of construction
- •Vocabulary
- •Introduction – внедрение, введение
- •Inventor – изобретатель
- •II. Make up your own sentences with the vocabulary
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Complete the sentences
- •V. Agree or disagree with the statements
- •VI. Put all types of questions to the sentences
- •VII. Retell the text grammar: mood
- •Exercises
- •If he were attentive, he would not make many mistakes.
- •If you (to be) free, I (to come) to see you.
- •If I (to see) her, I (to be) glad.
- •Additional study: modern architecture
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •II. Give translation of the following words and phrases:
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Complete the sentences
- •V. Make up dialogues on the following situations:
- •VI. On the basis of the text “Modern architecture” you are to write your own composition
- •VII. Retell your composition unit 4 lexical material: building mechanisms
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •Vocabulary
- •Industry – промышленность
- •Interval – промежуток
- •II. Make up your own sentences with the vocabulary
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Complete the sentences
- •V. Put all types of questions to the following sentences
- •VI. Make up dialogues on the following situations
- •VII. Make up a summary of the text
- •VIII. Retell the text “Building mechanisms” using the text grammar: compound sentences
- •The Compound Sentence
- •Разбор сложно-сочинённого предложения
- •Analysis of a Compound Sentence
- •Exercises
- •Additional study: building’s history
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •Vocabulary
- •Invention – изобретение
- •Industry – промышленность
- •Various – различный
- •II. Make up your own sentences with the vocabulary
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Complete the sentences
- •V. Put all types of questions to the sentences
- •VI. Retell the text unit 5 lexical material: bridge and tunnel buildings
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •Vocabulary
- •II. Make up your own examples with the vocabulary
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Complete the sentences
- •V. Find in the text information about:
- •VI. Make up dialogues on the following situations
- •VII. Make up a summary of the text
- •VIII. Retell the text grammar: sequence of tenses
- •Exercises
- •Mother told me that she needed to talk to me.
- •Образец: Helen said, "Where do you live?" - Helen asked where I lived.
- •Additional study: canals
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •II. Give translation of the following words and phrases:
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Say what is right and what is wrong and why
- •V. Find in the text the most important information about:
- •VI. Retell the text “Interesting facts about canals” unit 6 lexical material: concrete panels
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •II. Give translation of the following words and phrases:
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Complete the sentences
- •Grammar: reported speech
- •Exercises
- •She says, "I have to go." - She says (that) she has to go.
- •Не asks, "Are you ready to go out?" -He asks if I am ready to go out.
- •Не asks, "Where has she gone?" - He asks where she has gone.
- •Additional study: curtain walling
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •II. Give translation of the following words and phrases:
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Complete the sentences
- •V. Put all types of questions to the sentences
- •VI. Make up dialogues
- •A curtain walling specialist is being interviewed by the reporter about curtain walling in general;
- •A student is having a practice on a curtain walling factory and asks the chief engineer about curtain wailing’s properties;
- •The student is passing a test and tells his teacher about fastening devices and fire resistance
- •VII. Retell the text список используемых материалов литература
- •Интернет источники
II. Make up your own examples with the vocabulary
III. Answer the questions
What is are important means of communication?
Why have people always been concerned with finding ways to cross rivers?
Where have men built bridges?
How did an early man get the idea of a bridge?
What is a cantilever bridge and where are they used?
What is a suspension bridge and where are they used?
What is a pontoon bridge and how was it used?
What is a pile bridge and how is it used?
What is a drawbridge?
What construction demands greater skill from designer and builder than any other civil engineering project and why?
What is tunneling?
What are tunnels built to provide?
Where was one of the earliest tunnels known made?
IV. Complete the sentences
Great rivers are also barriers to communication and people …
… from a tree fallen across a stream.
A simple bridge on suspension principle was made by …
… bridge has been used for military purposes.
… in order to support the platform was put in the practice 3500 years ago.
This is the basis of the pile bridge, which …
With the coming of the railway in the 19th century there was …
The idea of a drawbridge, a bridge hinged so that it can be …
… than any other civil engineering project.
The designer has to consider …
Tunnels are built to …
V. Find in the text information about:
Cantilever bridge;
Suspension bridge;
Floating bridge;
Pile bridge;
Drawbridge;
VI. Make up dialogues on the following situations
You are discussing the topic “Rivers – means or barrier to communication?” with your friend
A student is passing a test and is asked about types of bridges;
A student is having a practice and his supervisor explains to his what modern bridge building is;
A specialist of bridge building is being interviewed by the Discovery Channel specialist;
A specialist of tunnel building is being interviewed by the Discovery Channel specialist;
VII. Make up a summary of the text
VIII. Retell the text grammar: sequence of tenses
Согласование времен необходимо при передаче слов собеседника (при переходе прямой речи в косвенную).
Наречия времени, места, указательные местоимения меняются следующим образом:
yesterday - the day before, the previous day
today - that day, the same day
tomorrow - the day after, the following day
the day before yesterday - two days before
the day after tomorrow - in two days' time
last week - the week before, the previous week
now - then, immediately
next week - the week after, the following week
ago- before these - those
this - that here - there
Правила согласования времен обычно соблюдаются в различных придаточных предложениях:
1. Если глагол в главном предложении стоит в форме настоящего или будущего времени, то глагол в придаточном предложении может быть в любом времени, необходимом по смыслу.
EXAMPLE: They wonder where I am (was, will be, have been).
We don't know what she thinks (thought, will think) about it.
2. Если глагол в главном предложении стоит в форме прошедшего времени, то в придаточном предложении происходит сдвиг времен. В подобных случаях правила согласования времен могут быть обязательными или же факультативными.
Правила согласования времен обязательны, если действие придаточного предложения рассматривается с позиции прошлого времени.
1. Если действие придаточного предложения происходит одновременно с действием главного предложения, то в придаточном предложении употребляются Past Simple или Past Progressive независимо от того, какое прошедшее время использовано в главном предложении.
EXAMPLE: Не didn't know where she was.
They noticed that he was smiling.
2. Если действие придаточного предложения предшествует действию главного предложения, то в придаточном предложении употребляются Past Perfect или же Past Perfect Progressive.
EXAMPLE: She had a feeling that she had been deceived.
I knew you had left Moscow two days before.
They understood what she had been doing.
3. Если действие придаточного предложение относится к будущему, то в нем употребляйте Future in the Past или же один из способов выражения будущего времени.
EXAMPLE: We hoped she would be back soon.
Nobody told me what would happen next.
He said she was going to have a snack.
They told him he was to do the work.
Правила согласования времен не соблюдаются в следующих случаях:
1. Если в придаточном предложении речь идет об общеизвестной истине или фактах, не требующих доказательства и остающихся верными вплоть до момента речи.
EXAMPLE: My father explained to me that the Earth is moving and that it is round.
The child was told that the sun rises in the East.
Our geography teacher told us at the lesson that there aren't any unknown islands left on the Earth.
2. С модальными глаголами must, should, ought to правило согласования времен также не соблюдаются.
EXAMPLE: I wrote that I must see him.
He said he should be more careful.
Those people advised me that I ought to see a doctor.
3. Если говорящий ссылается на слова собеседника, которые только что были сказаны.
EXAMPLE: Mary: Don't leave,
Bess: I'll make a cup of coffee for you.
Bess to Tina: Mary said she will make a cup of coffee for us.
Sarah: What's the weather like in Moscow?
Ann: Oh, it's snowing heavily.
Sarah to Bell: Ann said that it is snowing heavily in Moscow.
4. Простое прошедшее время (Past Simple) в придаточных предложениях времени, вводимых союзами when и since, не претерпевает никаких изменений.
EXAMPLE: Michail said, "I haven't met Susan since we parted." - Michail said that he hadn't met Susan since they parted.
5. Прошедшее продолженное время (Past Progressive) не подвергается сдвигу времен.
EXAMPLE: He remarked, "When I came in, she was crying".
He remarked that when he came in, she was crying.
Monica said, "When I came to the party, everybody was dancing." - Monica said that when she came to the party, everybody was dancing.
6. При передаче последовательных событий, где указывается конкретная дата, прошедшее время глаголов не подвергается сдвигу времен.
EXAMPLE: Не said that he was born in Kaluga in 1980 and soon the family moved to Moscow. She said she graduated from University in 1995.