- •Аннотация
- •Содержание
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •Vocabulary
- •II. Answer the questions
- •III. Make up your own sentences with the vocabulary
- •IV. Complete the sentences
- •V. Agree or disagree with the statements
- •VI. Prepare a summary of the text
- •VII. Retell the summary grammar: complex object
- •Exercises
- •Не did it. They saw it. - They saw him do it.
- •Additional study: world’s wonders
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •The Pharos was a tower of white marble built 270 вс. Of all the Seven Wonders of the world only the pyramids have endured to modern times.
- •Vocabulary
- •II. Make up your own sentences with the vocabulary
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Make a test
- •V. Retell the text unit 2 lexical material: construction works
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •Vocabulary
- •II. Make up your own sentences with the vocabulary
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Complete the sentences
- •V. Put all types of questions to the sentence
- •VI. Retell the text grammar: complex subject
- •Exercises
- •It is believed that the poem was written by Byron.
- •Additional study: the history of architecture
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •II. Give translation of the following words and phrases:
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Complete the sentences
- •Unit 3 lexical material: history of construction
- •Vocabulary
- •Introduction – внедрение, введение
- •Inventor – изобретатель
- •II. Make up your own sentences with the vocabulary
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Complete the sentences
- •V. Agree or disagree with the statements
- •VI. Put all types of questions to the sentences
- •VII. Retell the text grammar: mood
- •Exercises
- •If he were attentive, he would not make many mistakes.
- •If you (to be) free, I (to come) to see you.
- •If I (to see) her, I (to be) glad.
- •Additional study: modern architecture
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •II. Give translation of the following words and phrases:
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Complete the sentences
- •V. Make up dialogues on the following situations:
- •VI. On the basis of the text “Modern architecture” you are to write your own composition
- •VII. Retell your composition unit 4 lexical material: building mechanisms
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •Vocabulary
- •Industry – промышленность
- •Interval – промежуток
- •II. Make up your own sentences with the vocabulary
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Complete the sentences
- •V. Put all types of questions to the following sentences
- •VI. Make up dialogues on the following situations
- •VII. Make up a summary of the text
- •VIII. Retell the text “Building mechanisms” using the text grammar: compound sentences
- •The Compound Sentence
- •Разбор сложно-сочинённого предложения
- •Analysis of a Compound Sentence
- •Exercises
- •Additional study: building’s history
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •Vocabulary
- •Invention – изобретение
- •Industry – промышленность
- •Various – различный
- •II. Make up your own sentences with the vocabulary
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Complete the sentences
- •V. Put all types of questions to the sentences
- •VI. Retell the text unit 5 lexical material: bridge and tunnel buildings
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •Vocabulary
- •II. Make up your own examples with the vocabulary
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Complete the sentences
- •V. Find in the text information about:
- •VI. Make up dialogues on the following situations
- •VII. Make up a summary of the text
- •VIII. Retell the text grammar: sequence of tenses
- •Exercises
- •Mother told me that she needed to talk to me.
- •Образец: Helen said, "Where do you live?" - Helen asked where I lived.
- •Additional study: canals
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •II. Give translation of the following words and phrases:
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Say what is right and what is wrong and why
- •V. Find in the text the most important information about:
- •VI. Retell the text “Interesting facts about canals” unit 6 lexical material: concrete panels
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •II. Give translation of the following words and phrases:
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Complete the sentences
- •Grammar: reported speech
- •Exercises
- •She says, "I have to go." - She says (that) she has to go.
- •Не asks, "Are you ready to go out?" -He asks if I am ready to go out.
- •Не asks, "Where has she gone?" - He asks where she has gone.
- •Additional study: curtain walling
- •I. Read and translate the text
- •II. Give translation of the following words and phrases:
- •III. Answer the questions
- •IV. Complete the sentences
- •V. Put all types of questions to the sentences
- •VI. Make up dialogues
- •A curtain walling specialist is being interviewed by the reporter about curtain walling in general;
- •A student is having a practice on a curtain walling factory and asks the chief engineer about curtain wailing’s properties;
- •The student is passing a test and tells his teacher about fastening devices and fire resistance
- •VII. Retell the text список используемых материалов литература
- •Интернет источники
Vocabulary
Introduction – внедрение, введение
manufacture – производство
cost – стоимость
scarce – редкий
discovery – открытие
substance – вещество
scale – масштаб
to suggest – предлагать
development – развитие
Inventor – изобретатель
beam – балка
II. Make up your own sentences with the vocabulary
III. Answer the questions
What was scarce?
Who discovered Portland cement?
What substance is called Portland cement?
When was Portland cement first used?
What idea was mentioned in a publication in 1830?
Who built a concrete boat for the Paris International Exhibition of 1855?
What is known as the Monier System?
Who has understood the principles of reinforced concrete?
How is Freyssinet known?
What era has given the biggest boost to concrete?
IV. Complete the sentences
The big break-through was …
When it was mixed with water and …
Portland cement was first used on …
… under way in the 1850's and 60's.
His patent covered for concrete floor slabs reinforced with …
Freyssinet is known for his work in prestressed concrete …
Reinforced concrete was recognized as …
Architects also discovered that they had more freedom for planning than …
V. Agree or disagree with the statements
Therefore, good concrete was scarce and a great deal of poor concrete was used.
The development of reinforced concrete really got under way in the 1870.
Joseph Aspdin built a concrete boat for the Paris International Exhibition of 1855.
W. Wilkinson patented a method of constructing a concrete floor in 1854.
Certainly Monier did a great deal to develop the use of cement.
A number of buildings were erected, using Wilkinson's system.
Freyssinet is known for his work in prestressed concrete for which he had his first ideas before Srecond World War.
Beams could be eliminated, floor spans could be increased, and shells were available for roofing large areas,
VI. Put all types of questions to the sentences
Lambort built a concrete boat for the Paris International Exhibition of 1855.
Wilkinson appears to have understood the principles of reinforced concrete.
Reinforced concrete was recognized as the best material for all types of structures.
VII. Retell the text grammar: mood
Наклонение (Mood) — это грамматическая категория, выражающая устанавливаемое говорящим отношение действия к действительности. Говорящий может рассматривать действие как факт или событие реальной действительности, или как предположительное, нереальное, воображаемое действие, или как желательное действие. Это отношение выражается формой глагола.
В английском языке, как и в русском, есть три наклонения: изъявительное (the Indicative Mood), повелительное (the Imperative Mood) и сослагательное (the Subjunctive Mood). Значения всех трех наклонений в английском и русском языках совпадают почти во всех случаях, но формы, способы образования наклонений и их употребление существенным образом различаются.
Глаголы в изъявительном наклонении обозначают факты, действия, которые происходят, происходили или будут происходить в реальной действительности.
Глаголы в повелительном наклонении выражают не само действие, а побуждение к действию, приказ, просьбу:
EXAMPLE: Come here, please.
Подойдите сюда, пожалуйста.
Глагол в сослагательном наклонении обозначает действие не как реальный факт, а как желаемое или предполагаемое:
EXAMPLE: I should do it if I were you.
Я бы сделал это, если бы я был на твоем месте.
Утвердительная форма повелительного наклонении совпадает с инфинитивом без частицы to:
Translate! Переводи! (Переводите!)
Отрицательная форма образуется аналитически при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do в повелительном наклонении, за которым следует отрицание not и инфинитив смыслового глагола без частицы to:
EXAMPLE: He переводи! Не переводите!
Do not translate!
В разговорной речи, как правило, вместо do not употребляется сокращенная форма don't:
EXAMPLE: Don't (do not) talk!
He разговаривай (те)!
Побуждение к действию, обращенное к 1-му и 3-му лицу единственного и множественного числа, выражается сочетанием глагола to let в форме повелительного наклонения и инфинитива знаменательного глагола без частицы to. Лицо, к которому обращено побуждение, выражается соответствующим личным местоимением в объектном падеже или существительным в общем падеже:
EXAMPLE: Let me speak. Дай(те) мне сказать.
Let us speak. Давайте поговорим.
Let him (her) speak. Дайте ему (ей) поговорить
Let them (the children) speak. Пусть они (дети) скажут.
Формы вида и залога глагола в сослагательном наклонении (the Subjunctive Mood) совпадают с соответствующими формами глагола в изъявительном наклонении и по структуре, и по значению.
Различие в значении форм сослагательного наклонения основано на противопоставлении перфектных и неперфектных форм.
Все неперфектные формы выражают такие нереальные действия, которые рассматриваются либо как одновременные другим действиям (ситуациям), либо как будущие по отношению к ним. Например:
EXAMPLE: I wish he were with us now.
Хотела бы я, чтобы он был сейчас с нами.
(Were выражает нереальное действие (состояние), одновременное с.действием, выраженным глаголом to wish, и относится к настоящему времени, так как глагол to wish употреблен в Present Simple)
EXAMPLE: I wished he were with us at that moment.
Мне хотелось бы, чтобы он был с нами в тот момент. (Жаль, что его не было с нами в тот момент.)
