IntheHighlands

ThedrivefromEnglandtoScotlandprov1desthetravellerwithmanypleasantchangesofscenery_Asitisafairlylongjourney,itisgoodtobeabletotravelwithafnendwhocantaketurnswithyouatthewheel_

ApatrioticScotsmantravellingwithanEnglishfriendmaytellhimheisgoingtoseeintheHighlandsthefinestscenery1ntheworld.Thismaysoundexaggerated,butonarnvingintheHighlandsmostpeoplereadilyagreethatthesceneryisindeedmagnificent.

TheHighlandsare,asthenameimplies,thehillyormountainousregionofthecountry.OnthefirstnightinScotland,atouristmaychoosetoputupatahotelinthelittletown

ofCallander,whichisknownasoneof'theGatewaystotheHighlands'.Onthefollowmgday,hecansetouttoseevanouslakes,orrather'lochs',intheneighbourhood,andwillbedelightedwiththewildandromanticaspectofthecountryside.Whenhereturnstohishotelhewillbegladtoeatacop1ous'hightea'Thisisamealwhich,inScotlandandmanypartsofnorthernEngland,takestheplaceofteaanddinner.Itconsistsofonesubstantialcourse,suchasonewouldhaveatdinner,followedbybread·and·butter,withjamorhoney,andsomekindofcakes:teaisdrunkwiththemeal,whichistakenataboutsixo'clockintheevening.Onehasalightsupperlateintheevening

Thenextmorningmanytounstsjourneyontothewestcoast,passmgonthe1rwayLoch

Lomond,oneofthelargestandmostfamousoftheScottishlakes.Theroadtwistsandturns,dipsandclimbs.butisnotdangerous.Tl:'legreatesthazardistheblack-facedsheep:

' 227

theseanimalsareasactiveandimpudentasgoats.andfrequentlywanderrecklesslyintotheroadThetouristmayalsoseeaherdoflong-hairedHighlandcattle,whichlooksavagebutarenomoresothanordinarycattleEventually,theroadrunsparallelwiththesea,alongacoastlinefringedwithlittleislandsandmaderaggedwithrockybaysandthedeepinletsthatarealsocalled'lochs'.

WordMeaning

I

Ex.30Answerthequestions.

1 Whatismeantbytotaketurns?

2.Whatwheelismeantintheexpressiontotakefumsatthewheef?

3.Whatarethenamesgiventothemeatoftheseanimals:cows,sheep,p1gs,calves,deer?

4 Whatistheoppositeofarecklessperson?

5.Whatisthedifferencebetweenawildanimalandasavageanimal?

6 Whatisthemeaningofeventually?

7.'Deepwater'.Whatistheoppositeofdeep?

8.Onwhatmightonefindafringe?

9 'Aherdofcattle' anda ofsheep.

WordUse

Ex.31Completethefollowingsentences.Insertonewordineachblankspace.Thewordmustbeanadjectiveoranadverb,andistobefoundinthetext'IntheHighlands'.

1 SomeScotsmenareso thattheyclaimthatEnglandisapeninsulatothesouthofScotland.

.

2 Myunclehasleftmea amountofmoney.

3.Itis toplaywithfire.

4. weshallalldie.

5.HeISabadlybrought-up boy.

6_Youshouldthinkbeforeyouact,andnotdothings--,--,,----

7.Heduga holeandburiedthetreasureinit.

8.Ifeltverysleepyaftermy meal.

9_Thehousehada largegarden.

_{10He obeyed.}

ClassDiscussion

Ex.32Answerthequestions.

1 DoesittakelongtodrivefromEnglandtoScotland?

2.Whatmaymakealongjourneylesstiringforadriver?

3 WhatsortofcountryaretheHighlands?

228

4.Wheremightatouriststayonh1sfirstmghtinScotland?

5.Whatismeantbyhightea?

6.WhatdoScotsmenoftenhaveinplaceofdinner?

7.Whatistheroadtothewestcoastlike?

B.WhyareHighlandsheepsometimesdangerous?

9.Whatotheranimalsmayoneseethere?

10.Whatisaloch?

Edinburgh

Edinburgh,thecapitalofScotland,isafineoldcitybuiltpartlyinthevalleyoftheRiverLe1thandpartlyontherollinghillswhichsurroundit.Thecityisdominatedbythecastle,anancientfortressstandingonthesummitofamassiverock.whichhasbeenthesceneofmanybattlesandsiegesthroughoutcenturiesofScottishhistory.Todaywhatremainsof

theoriginalcastleispreservedasamuseumpteceandahomeformilitaryrelics.

Forthreeweekseverysummer,Edinburghisalivewithexhilaratedfestival-goersandperformerswhocomefromallovertheword,andthecityisgaywithflagsanddecorations.Thisinternationalfestivaloftheartsfillseverytheatre,concerthall.exhibitiongalleryandassemblyroomwithperformancesofopera.dancing,music,plays,revues,films,puppetshowsandrecitals,andspecially-mountedexhibitionsofpaintingandsculptureThefesti­val1Snotlimitedtoindooractivities:everyweekdaythenoiseofthecity'strafficislostin

^{thesoundofmusicastheScottishpipersmarchalongPnncesStreetwithkiltsswing1ng}

anddrumsbeating.Butthemostspectaculareventofthefestivalisundoubtedlythemili­tarytattoo.ThistakesplaceundersearchlightsontheCastleesplanade-thesceneofmanyexecutionsinthepast-withthefloodlitcastleinthebackground.Nowherecould

onefindanaturalsettingmoreimpressiveandappropriate.

WordMeaning

Ex.33Answerthequestions.

1.Whatsortofhillsarerollinghills?

2.Whatisthesummit?

3.Definemassive.

4.Whatisasiege?

5.Whatisarelic?

6.Whatisathoroughfare?Whatdoesthefarepartofthewordmean?

_{7.Howdoesonefeelwhenoneisexhilarated?}

8.Whatisapuppen

9.Whatdoyoudoifyoufloodlightaplace?

WordUse

_{Ex.34Matchthewordsofthetwocolumns.}

rollinginternationalmilitary

eventrockexhibitions

229

appropriatespectacularoriginalfloodlitmassive

old

speciallymountedimpressive

settinghillscityrelicscastle

festival

tattoo

Ex.35Withoutlookingbackatthetext'Edinburgh',trytosupplythemissingwordthatcompletestheseexpressions.

-tobe bythecastle;

thecenturiesofScottish

history:

-totakeplace searchlights;

thefloodlitcastleinthe._ _

_{ClassDiscussion}

-tomarch PrincessStreet;

-ahome militaryrelics;

-tobe asamuseumpiece;

-tobe inthesoundofmusic.

Ex.36Answerthequestions.

1.WhatisthelocationofthecityofEdinburgh?

2.Whatbuildingdominatesthetown?Whatisitusedfor?

3.WhenistheEdinburghFestivalheld?

4.Whatsortoffestivalisit?

5.MentionthreeactivitieswhichgoonduringtheEdinburghFestival.

6.Whatisthecity'smostspectaculareventandwheredoesittakeplace?

Ex.37Readthesethreeshorttextanddiscusswithyourpartnerthethingsthat

seeminterestingtoyou.

Scottishnames

ManypeopleinScotlandhavethenameMacDonaldorMacKenzie.'Mac'means'sonofandpeoplewiththisnameusuallyfeeltheybelongtothesamefamilyorclan.CampbellorCameronareothercommonsurnames.Commonboys'namesareAngus,DonaldorDuncan.andQlr1s'namesareMorag,FionaorJean.

ThenamesJimmyandJockaresocommonthatmanyEnglishpeoplecallamanfrom

_{Scotland'aJimmy'or·aJock'!}

Scottishwords

ManyScottishpeoplestillusesomeScottishwordswhentheyspeakEnglish.

'Wee',meaningsmall,isoftenheardinsuchexpressionsas'weeladdie'-smallboy.'Abonnielass'isaprettygirlanda'bairn'isayoungchild.Ifsomeoneanswersyourques­tionswith'aye'theyareagreeingwithyou:'aye'meansyes.Finally,ityouareoffereda

'weedram'becareful:you'llbegivensomewhiskytodrinkandyouwillprobablyhavetodnnkitallinonego!

230

Whisky

AtypicalsightinmanyHighlandvalleysorglensarethewhitebuildingsofthemaltwhiskydistilfenes.Notwomaltwhiskiesarethesame,andthetastecannotbecopiedanywhereeiseintheworld,asthewatercomesfromthelocalhills.Whiskywasfirstpro­ducedinScotlandin1494andformanyyearstherewasatotofsmugglingtoavoidpayingtaxes.Therearemorethan100maltwhiskydistilleriesintheHighlandsanditisnotsur­

prisingthattheword'Scotch'(Scot1ishisusedtodescribesomeoneorsomethingfrom

_{Scotland)isusedtomeanwhiskythroughouttheworld}

_•,

c)Wordsearch

MakealistofthingsthatyouassociatewithScotlandandScotsmen.Compareyourlistw1thyourgroupmate's.Explainyourchoice.Howmanyofthemcanyoufindinthesquare

_below?

T	N	z	K	v	T	B	w	B	H
H	A	G	G	I	s	c	K	u	0
w	y	T	0	c	L	F	M	R	G
B	p	Q	T	A	R	T	A	N	M
R	c	z	N	0	X	v	s	s	A
F	K	Q	M	L	0	c	H	8	N
E	D	I	N	B	u	R	G	H	A
p	R	E	F	B	D	Q	p	w	y
R	s	T	F	0	G	K	s	E	B
8	L	0	Q	5	c	0	T	c	H

d)ComparetheEnglishandtheScoWsh.Inwhatwayaretheydifferent?Whatcanaccountforthesedifferences?

e)IfyouhadachancetovisitScotland,whatwouldyouliketoseethere?

ScotlandQuiz

1ThecapitalofScotlandisa)Edinburgh

b)Glasgowc)Aberdeen

2 Ahaggisisatypeofa)musicalinstrumentb)food

_c)clothing

231

3.ManyScotshavenamesbeginningMacorMe.Originallythismeanta)headofthefamily

b)sonof..

c)Scottishfor'Mr'

4.Aclanisa

a)typeofScottishfamilygroupb)Scottishcastle

c)traditionalScottishsword

5.BenNevisis.orwas

a)afamousScott1shnationalist

b)thehighestmountaininBritainc)anislandonthewestcoast

6.HowmanyofthesedoesScotlandhave?

a)itsownbanknotesb)itsownchurch

c)itsownnationalfootballteam

7 TheScottishnationalemblemisa)heather

b)athistlec)adeer

8.OneofScotland'smostfamousexportsisa)lager

b)beer

c)whisky

Ex.38ImaginethatyouandyourgroupmateshavejustreturnedfromScotland.Recalltheplace$youvisited,thethin9$yousaw,thethingsyoulearnedaboutthiscountryandItspeopleandshareyourImpressionswithyourgroupmates.

SomeGlimpsesoftheHistoryofWales

AlthoughitisnowapproximatelysevenhundredyearssinceEnglandandWalesbe­camepartofthesamekingdom.theWelshpeoplehaveretained,tothisday,theirownin­dividualityandtheirownlanguage,anancientCeltictonguewhoseliteraturegoesback

1400years(Gaelic).

AdeepandfierceloveoftheircountryhasalwaysanimatedtheWelshpeopleand,forthisreason,evenwhenthewholeofEnglandwassubduedbyforeigninvaders,theWelshneverfailedtoretainsomecorneroftheirland,somemountainfastness.fromwhichtheycoulddefytheenemy.

232

AlthoughEdwardI(1272-1307)builtthroughoutWalescastleswhichservedasmilitarybasesforthesubjugationoftheWe13hpeople,theSnowdonianregionwasnevercon­quered

TheWelshareintenselymusicalandgreatloversorpoetry,withanaturalurgeandabil­

itytoexpressthemselves.Whatcouldbemorenaturalthanthatlegendandromanceshouldnourishthere?Indeed.thelegendofKingArthur,whoseemstohavetravelledwidelyontheContinent.originatedinWales.

WordMeaning

Ex.39Answerthequestions.

1.Canyoufindinthetexttwowordsfortoconquer?

2.Whatismountainfastness?

3.WhatIStheoppositeofretain?

4.Whichverbiscloserinmeaningtotheverbanimateinthesentence:Adeepandfterce

loveoftheircountryhasalwaysanimatedtheWelshpeople.Chooeefrom:enliven,stimulate,actNate,quk;ken,encourage.waken,arouse,excite,provoke.stir,inspire,invigorate.

_{5.Whatdowedoifwedefytheenemy?Choosethebestvariant(s).}

disregardignorescorndisobey

We ^challenge

confrontprovokeresist

_oppose

theenemy

6.Whatistheoppositeoftodefy?

7.Whatcanberetainedbyanation?

6.Canyoufindanotherwordforretain?

9.Whatisanotherwordforlanguage?

10.Sayinotherwords·ThelegendofKingArthuroriginatedinWales

11.Findthesynonymtotheworddeeply1nthetext.

12.Whatdowemeanbyfierceloveofthecountry?Choosethebestvariant(s):violent,furious,stormy,wild,intense,keen,powerful,strong,uncontrollable,passionate,ardent.

13.Whatistheoppos1teoffierce?

14.Find1nthetextthewordthatmeansastrongwishorneed.

15.Say1notherwordsgoback1400years.

16.Explainthedifferencebetweengoback1400yearsandgobacktotheyear1400.

17.Canyoufindanotherwordforinvader?

1B.Sayinotherwords:forthisreason.

_{19.Findinthetextthewordthatmeanstodevelopwellandbesuccessful.}

233

WordUse

Ex.40Completethesentencesbelowusingthecorrectwordfromthetext.To

helpyouthefirstletterofeachwordIsgiven.Somewordscanbeusedmorethanonce.

1 Th1scustomo inChineseculture.

2 fromtheSouthransackedthetown.

3 Myfamilyg b 500years.

4 Napoleons muchofEurope.

5 Theplantsf inthewarmsun.

6 TheNormansc Englandin1066.

7.Theolddiaryg b toTudortimes.

_{8 It'simportantthattheelderlyshouldr asenseofdignity.}

9.AlthoughEnglishisspokeneverywhere,youwillalsohearthea

,whichstillf_inmanyareas.

Ex.41Writedownthequestionsfortheseanswers.

1 Forsevenhundredyears.

2 1400years.

3 Adeepandfierceloveoftheircountry.

4 ForthesubjugationoftheWelshpeople

5.TheSnowdon1anregion

_{6 Becauseoftheirnaturalurgeandabilitytoexpressthemselves}

Welsh I

•

_{ClassDiscussion} ^}

Ex.42Answerthequestions.

1WhatistheoriginoftheWelshpeople?

l

2.Whe

ndidtheyJoinEngland?

3 WhatlanguagedomanypeopleinWalesspeak?Whatisttsorigin?

4 HowdidtheWelshmanagetoretaintheirindividuality?

_{5.WhatfamouslegendoriginatedinWales?}

ThelandofSong

Waleshasbeencalled'TheLandofSong'.TheWelshpeoplearerenownedforthetrgoodvoicesandItisraretofindavillagewithoutatleastonechoircompetinginan'ei­steddfod'orartsfestival.Theb1ggerfest1valofallistheInternationalEisteddfodheldeveryyearmLlangollen1nClwydSingers,dancers,musiciansandpoetscomefromallovertheworldtocompetefortheawards,oftenwearingcolourfulnationalcostumeTheprizesareawardedinthepresenceofalargecrowdcladinancientDruidrobes.TheWelshgirtscon­tnbutetothefestivalgaietywiththeirnationaldress-atallblackhat,ascartetskirtandastarchedwhiteapron.Thestreetsofthissmallcountrytownbustlewiththecommgsandgo1ngsofv1s1torsspeakmgmanylanguages.

234

_'I

_WordMeaning

Ex.43Answerthequestions.

1What1stheopposrteofrare?

2 Canyouexplamthemeaningofhustleandbustle?

3.Whatcanbecolourful?

4 Canyouthmkofanotherwordforgaiety?

5.Giveacolloqu1alwordforclad.

WordUse

Ex.44Completethesentencesbelowusingthecorrectwordfromthetext.Tohelpyou,thefirstletterofeachwordisgiven.Somewordscanbeusedmorethanonce.

1.Theregionisr foritsfinePersianrugs.

2.Mostpeoplec somethingtowardsthenewchurchbuildings.

3.Thisspeciesofplantisbecomingincreasinglyr _

4.Weonlywenttothetheatreonveryr occasions.

5.It'sveryr forhertomissadayatschool.

Puzzle

FindthetenwordsrelatingtoWalesanddiscoverthewordmadebythelettersintheboxes.Therearecluestohelpyou.

1.

2

3

4.

5.

6.

7

8

9

10.

Clues

1AmemberofaraceofpeopleformerlyinhabitinglargepartsofWesternEurope,

2 Agroupofpeoplewhosingtogether.

3.Averylargestrongbuilding,builtinthepastasasafeplacethatcouldbeeasilyde­

_{fendedagainstanattackTherearealotoftheminWales}

235

4 AlegendarykingoftheCeltswhosenameisassociatedwiththe'knightsoftheRound

Table'

5 OneoftheimportantWelshindustries.

6 Amemberofananc1entCelticgroupofpriestsbeforetheChristianreligion.

7 TheEnglishkmgwhoconqueredWalesinthe13thcentury

8 Thecap1talofWales.

9 Partofthenat1onalWelshwomen'scostume

10Thereg1onofWales,afamousNationalpark,wh1chwasneverconquered

ClassDiscussion

Ex.45Answerthequestions.

1 WhyisWalesoftencalledthe'landofsong'?

2.Whatisan'eisteddfod'?

3 WhatisthelocationoftheInternationalEisteddfod?

4 DescribethenationalcostumeofWelshwomen?

ClassImprovisation

Ex.46Workingroupsofthree.YouhavejustreturnedfromWales.StudentAvis­itedtheInternationalEisteddfod.StudentBattendedlecturesatCardiffUniversityonthehistoryofWales.StudentClivedinafamilyofacoalminer.Shareyourimpressions.

ISWriting

Ex.47WriteaboutyourimpressionsofthefirstthreedaysofyourstayinWales.

ProjectWork

Split1ntofourteams.EachteamcarriesoutaproJectononecountryoftheUnitedKmg­dom.England,NorthernIreland,Scotland,Wales.Todoasuccessfulprojectfollowthesuggestedmanualstepbystep.

Step1CollectingInformation

SoursesofInformation

,Coursebook

,Otherbooks

,V1deo

,Encyclopedia

,Brochuresandpicturebooks

'Y TheInternet

236

,TheBnt1shEmbassy

,tnterv1ewmg

InterviewBrit1shcitizens,teachersorstudentswhohavebeentoGreatBrita1n

GV'Note:beforetheinterviewmakeupaquestionaire.

Step2Brainstorming•

EachteammemberintroducesthematerialheIshehasselected

,- DISCUSS

•theformatoftheproject

•howtopresentitvisually(video,Power·Pointpresentation,quotationsandbanners,pictures,handouts,brochures,etc)

•whowillpresentit:theleader(makesintroduction,introducestheteammembers),otherteammembers(giveinformation,demonstratevisuals,perform)

Step3Rehearsal

Step4Presentation

Introducingthetopic,andtheperformers

)... Signpostingthemainissues

,Presentingtheproject

,Answeringquestions

Step5Evaluation

Thosewhoevaluate-don'tgrudgethefelloWstudentsyourpraise,yetbefrankandobjective.Thosewhoperform-beopentocriticismandgratefulforit.

ClassDiscussion

1 Bearinginminditsclimateandgeneralcharacter,wh1chpartofBntatnwouldyouchoosetolivein?Isth1sthesamepartthatyouwouldhketovisitforaholiday?Why(not)?

2 HowisthepatternofhumansettlementinyourcountrydifferentfromthatinBritain?

•bramstormngIStheactofmeetingwithagroupofpeopleinordertotrytodevelop1deasandlh1nkofwaysofsolvmgproblems

237

_{ClassImprovisation}

AtthaTravelAgency

SomestudentsaretravelagQc9Xaanisingtoursofdiffe.ren.tpartsofGreatBrita1nandNorthernIrelandTheywanttoeonViiU;\thetounststhatthe1rs1sthemost1nterest1ngtour.Theotherstudentsaretouristsandholiday-makerswhoarenotsurewhichpartoftheUKtheywouldliketoVISitmost.

Actoutconversationsbetweenthetravelagentsandtourists(holiday-makers).

LONDON:ACITYWITHADIFFERENCE

Withitsunrivalledrangeofmuseumsandgalle­ries,theatresandconcerthalls,world-famoussightsanddailydisplaysofpompandpage­antry,Londonisonofthemostexcitingcapitalsintheworldanddemandstobeexplored.

"WhenamanistiredofLondon.heistiredoflife:forthereisinLondonallthatlifecanafford,"wroteSamuelJohnsonin1777HewouldstillrecognizethegreatsightsonbothsidesoftheThames,wmdingitswaydownstreamfromtheHousesofParliamenttoSt.Paul's,LondonBndgeandtheTower,downtoGreenw1chandthesea.

WhenH.G.Wellswrotein1911that"Londonisthemostinteresting,beautifulandwon­derfulc1tyintheworldtome,"horsedrawn,carnagesandEdwardiansplendourwereontheirwayout.The20thcenturywasabouttoEnforcedramaticchangesontheLondonsky­line-skyscrapers1nthecity.thePostOfficeTowerandDocklands,thebusmesscentrefor

the21^1century

YetLondon,theworld'scapital.haskept1tsheart.JohnsonwouldstillbeabletodrinkcoffeeinCoventGardenormeanderthroughtheCity'snarrowstreetswithechoesofMe­dtevaldays.H.G.Wellsmight,today,hstentodebatesintheHousesofParliament,attendaconcertintheAlbertHallorlistentoamilitarybandinaroyalpark

TodayLondonisasprawlingcosmopolitanmetropolis,anexcitingworldwhichmanyvisitorsfromabroadseefirstfromthesky.Downtheresevenmillionpeopleareathome,

not1nanonymoussuburbsbutintheCitiesofLondonandWestminsterandindistrictswhichhaveremnantsoftheircountrifiedpast,withtheirownhighstreetsandhistoricmonumentsremembenngfamousmenandwomenwhobUiltaLondonwhicheachgenera­tiondiscoversanew

WordMeaning

Ex.1Answerthequestions.

_{1Whatismeantbyacosmopolitanmetropolis?}

_{2Findawordmeaningtowalkinaslowrelaxedway.}

^{3.Whatisahighstreet?}

4.Findawordmeaningspreadingoverawideareainanuntidyorunattractiveway.

5.Findasynony·mtothewordsmagnificence,grandeur.

238

6 Fromthehstofsynonymschoosetheone(s)thatisIareclosestinmeaningtotheworddramaticasusedinthetext:sfrikmg,vivid,effective,breathtakmg,powerful.excit­ingsensational.melodramatic,sudden,startling.What•sttsoppostte?

7 Whatismeantbyremnantsofthepast?

8 Ftndaphrasemeaningtodisappear.

9 Ftndasynonymtothewordtormpose.

10Ftndtheoppositeofthewordtodenyinthetext.

WordUse

Ex.2Withoutlookingbackatthetext,trytosupplythemissingwordthatcom·

pletestheseexpressions.

towindits __

-----carriages:

military_. _

remnantsofthe _

- manyvisitors abroad

Ex.3Completethesentencesusingthewordsfromthetext.Tohelpyou,thefirstletterofeachwordIsgiven.

1.Antndustnalestates acrossthevalley.

2.Hem aimlesslyalongthelanes.

3.Ther ofamealstoodonthetable.

4.Highway99w itswayalongthecoast.

5.Therehasbeenad riseinthenumberofunemployed

6Blackheathisas ofLondon

7 Onlysevenpeoplea themeeting.

ClassDiscussion

Ex.4Answerthequestions.

1HasLondonchangedmuchstncethe18thcentury?

2.CanyouagreewiththestatementthatLondonhaskeptttsheart?

3 WhyisLondondescribedasasprawlingcosmopolitanmetropolis?

4.WhatismeantbyacountrifiedpastofLondon'ssuburbs?

239

ADAYTRIPTOLONDON

PartI

It'shardtoimagineajourneymoreguaranteedtopleasethanadaytriptoLondon,withalltheexcitementandvarietythatoneoftheworld'sgreatestcapitalcitieshastooffer.

There'sjustsomuchtoseeinLondonthatJtiswellworthplanningyour·daycarefully

beforeyousetoff.

Onceyouarriveyoucoulddoworsethanactlikeapropertouristandtakeoneofthemanyopen-topbusrideswh1chcovertheobv1ousattractionsandhelpyoutogetyourbearings.

Ifyou'drathermakeyourownwayaround,hopoffthebusasyouwish.ThetourdepartsfromPiccadillyCircus.

Itisdifficulttosaywhatistherealcentreoflondon,butmanypeoplewouldchoose

PiccadJ\tyCircus.ThisisbecauseitisnotonlycentralbutalsotheheartofLondon'senter­tainmentwor1d.WithinafewhundredyardsofitwefindmostofLondon'sbestknownthea·tresandcinemas,themostfamousrestaurantsandthemostluxuriousmght-clubs.

InthemiddleofPiccadillyCircusthereisastatuesaidtobeofEros,thegodofloveFewpeopleknowthatitreallyrepresentstheAngelofChristianCharity.OnCupFinalnightandNewYear'sEveitisboardeduptopreventover-enthusiasticrevellersfromclimbingontoit.

ItisparticularlyintheeveningthatPiccadillyCircusisthrongedw1thpeoplegoingtothetheatreorthecinema,orperhapstoarestaurant.Manyothershavecomeforaneveningstroll.Thecrowdisamotleyone,foritiscomposedofpeopleofmanynationalitie.Theatmosphereisdistinctlycosmopolitan,andonehearsaroundoneagreatvarietyoflan.guages.Ithasbeensaidthatifyoulistencarefully,youmayevenhearEnglish!

ItisoutofthequestiontotourLondonwithoutcatchingaglimpseofNelsonstandinghighoverhisTrafalgarSquare,anythingfrom167-185feethigh(ideasvary,askthestu­dentswhotrytoclimbitonragnights).Whatiscertain.however,isthatthecolumnwasbuiltduringtheear1ypartofthe191flcenturytocommemorateNelson'svictoryin1805,andthereisnodoubtthatthisnationalherostilldrawsthecrowds.Crowdsoftouristsaswellasthosefamousp1geonsstillflockthereinallseasons.andatChristmastimeavasttreestandstheresurroundedeveryeveningbyscoresofcarolsingers.

Youdon'thavetosearchforhistoryinLondon,thereishistoryaroundvirtuallyeverycorner.ThemostobviouslandmarksaretheTowerofLondon,WestminsterAbbeyandtheHousesofParliament.

h

TheTowerofLondonisanopenhistorybookofEngland.Ithasbeenafortress,pal­ace,homeoftheCrownJewelsandnationaltreasures,arsenal,mint,prison,obse!Vatoryandtouristattraction",wrotetheDukeofEdinburghinabookcelebratingtheTower's900¹

anniversary.

TheTowerofLondonwasstartedbyWilliamtheConquerorwhoinvadedBritainin

1066.HebuilttheWhiteTowerto1mpressandfrightentheEnglish.TheTowerofLondonbnngstothevisitor'smindavisionofimprisonment.tortureandviolentdeathatthehandsofamaskedexecutionerwithanaxe.Manypnsonerslaidtheirheadsonthech_oppingblock.Amongthevictimswerenoblemen,polrticians,traitorsandtwoofHenryVIII'swives.

240

_l

^{ThemenwhoguardtheTower-andtheCrownJewets-areBeefeaters.Theycantell}

youeverythtngaboutitshistory.Theirclothesaretheuniformofroyalguardsoftheyear

1500

Theravenswiththeirclipj:edwingsareanotherfamoussightLegendhasitthatwithout

themtheTOVoJerwillfallandtheKingdomwithit.Kingsandqueenshavecomeandgone,some

evenlosttheirheadsonTowerGreen,buttheTO'NefofLondonhassurvivedthemall.

HappierghostshaunttheaislesofthesuperbGothicWestminsterAbbey,whereasuccessionofEnglishmonarchsfromWilltamIhavebeencrownedandmanyareburied,inmagnificenttombsrecentlyrestoredtotheiroriginalcolours.Butit'snotonlythecrownedheadsthatareworthilyrememberedhere.GeorgeFrederickHandel.SirWalterScott,and

_{OliverGoldsmithareelaboratelycommemoratedintheAbbey's"Poets'Corner".Overa}

^' _{thousandmonumentsarecrowdedintothebuilding;theynotonlycommemorateprominent}

menandwomenfromeverywalkoflrfe,butalsogiveabreathtakingviewofEnglishmonumentalsculpture.However,itisperhapsthesimplegraveoftheUnknownWarrior,whichisthemostpoignantHistombsymbolizesthesacrificeofmorethanamillionBritishwholosttheirlivesinWorldWarI

WordMeaning

Ex.5Answerthequestions.

1.Whatismeantbytheword'Circus'inPiccadrllyCircus?

2.Whenwegoforastro/J,areweinahurry?

3.Whatismeantbytheexpressrontogetyourbearings?

'

4.Whatisthemeaningofthewordelaboratelyintheexpressiontobeelaboratelycom-

_{memorated? i}

^{5.Whatisthedrfferencebetweenworthandworthy'?}_!

^{6.Whatrsaragnight?}

7.Ifagroupofpeopleorthingsisamotleyono,aretheyalldifferentorofthesamekind?

Wha1canbemo11ey?

8.Whatisthemeaningofthewordscoreinscoresofcarolsingers?

9.Whatisawalkoflife?

10.WhatrsthemeaningofthewordpoignannWhatcanbepoignant?

Ex.6Ssyinotherworda.

a)easytonoticeorunderstand;

b)tostarttogosomewhere,

c)veryexpens1ve,beautifulandcomfortable;

d)somethingthatiseasytorecognise;

e)someonewhoishav1ngfun,singing,dancin.etc.inanoisyway

f)aplacewherecoinsareofficiallymade;

g)todosomethingtoshowthatyourememberandrespectsomeoneimportantoranim­

portanteventinthepast;

h)thespiritofadeadpersonthatsomepeoplethinktheycanseeinaplace;

_{i)agrave,especiallyalargeoneaboveground;}

241

_{Ex.7FindsynonymsInthetext.}

a)tobemadeupof.b)togoforawalk,

c)pract1cally,near1y.

d)toattack,tooccupy;

e)v1ew

f) sad.pathetic,

g)correct.usual,customary,

h)f1rst-rate.marvellous.

1) tobecrowdedw1th;

_{J) getoff}

WordUse

Ex.8Supplyprepositionsorpostpositionswherenecessary.

tosearch h1story,todepart _

tobetronged people:

tobecomposed _

tobesurrounded carolsmgers;

tobestarted WilliamtheConqueror;

tobnng thevisitor'smindtodraw thecrowds;

tocover theobviousattractions,w1th1nafewhundredyards someth1ng;

Ex.9Withoutlookingbackatthetexttrytosupplythemissingwordthatcom·

platestheseexpressions.

tobe inmagmficenttombs;

youcoulddo than:

makeyour around;

tocatcha ofsomethmg,thegraveoftheUnknown___fromevery oflife;

tobe remembered.

Ex.10Completethesentencesusingthewordsfromthetext.TohelpyouthefirstletterofeachwordIsgiven.

1Thestreetsweret withChristmasshoppers

2.ThehotelsurtelookedveryI inthebrochure

3 Whatabeautifuls theserosesmake!

4.londonhass sofmuseums-manyabsolutelyfree.

242

5.	Heconjuredupav ofthefuture.
6	Ionlycaughtag ofthethief,soIcan't	reallydescribehim.
7.	Hisfriendsweream crew.
8.	Famouss sl1keSt.Paul'sCathedr	al,theTowerofLondon.theHous
	Parliamentwillalwaysbepopularvisitora	sanda'must'onyouritinerary.

_esof

9NearbyisTowerBridge,oneoftheRiverThames'morefamousIs

ClassDiscussion

Ex.11Answerthequestions.

1WhatisthebestwaytoseeLondon?

2.WhyisP1ccadillyCircuscaltedthecentreofLondon?

3.WhatisthereinthemiddleoftheCircus?

4.WhyarethesomanypeopleintheCircustntheevening?

5WhatmakesTrafalgarSquaresopopularwithtourists?

6.WhyistheTowerofLondoncalledanopenhistorybook?

7WhatlegendisassociatedwiththeTowerofLondon?

8WhatpeoplearecommemoratedinWestminsterAbbey?

ADAYTRIPTOLONDON

PartII

TheHousesofParliamentandWestminsterAbbeyfaceeachotheracrossParlia­mentSquare,wherestatuesofSirWinstonChurchill,AbrahamLincolnandseveralotherstatesmenstand

EverydaywhenpeopleintheUKandoverseasswitchontheirradiotolistentoBBC

radionews.theycanhearoneofthemostfamoussoundsinLondonOnthehour,thebellsofBigBenringloudandclear.ManypeoplethinkthatBigBenistheclockorthewholetowernexttotheHousesofParliament.Infact,it1sthelargestofthefivebellsatthe

topofthetower.

Nov1sittoLondonwouldbecompletewithoutalookatSt.Paul'sCathedral,whichwas

builtaftertheGreatFireof1666.ItstandsintheheartoftheCity.ThearchitectwasSir

ChnstopherWren.Ittookhimthirtyf1veyearstofinishSt.Paul'sWrendesignedStPaul'stogiveafeelingofspaceandlight.Youcanclimb627stepstothedome,whichhousesthefamousWhispenngGallery.Ifyouwhtsperclosetothewallononesideofthedome.youcanbeheardontheotherside.

StPaul'swastheburialplaceofWren.whodtedattheageof91,hav1ngchangedLondan'sskylinewithsome50exquisitechurches

TomakesureyoumakethemostofLondon,gotoBuckinghamPalace,theLondon

homeofthekingsandqueensofBritain,andwatchtheChangingoftheGuard,oneofthemostpopulartouristsights.FirstthebandmarchesthroughtheGatesofthePalaceTheJObofthepoliceistokeepthetouristsfromfollowingtheguardsITheguardsmenweartheirtraditionaluniform·atweedcoatandablackhelmet.Thehelmetiscalled"bearskin"andtl'smadeoffur_

243

Ifyouwanttolookdeepintotheessenceofth1ngs,besuretov1sitatleastoneof

London'smuseumsandgalleries.

TheBritishMuseumISanIncomparablyrichtreasure-chest,brimm1ngwiththingsofworldhistoncal.importan.Itwasfoundedin1753and,sincethen.hasgrowntoincludeeveryconceivablektndofartifactfromallovertheworld.

TheVictoriaandAlbertMuseumisequallyimpressive,withanoutstandingcollection

offineandappliedartshousedinagrandbutldingopenedtn1909byEdwardVIIJustnextdoor.andespeciallypopularwithchildren,istheNaturalHistoryMuseum.Withinthisvastandelegantbui\drng.unsuspect1ngvisitorsmaycomefacetofacewithanythingfromhugedinosaurstoworkingdisplaysoftheirowninsidesr

londonrsequallyrichrnartgalleries.fromtheNationalGalleryrnTrafalgarSquare,whichhousesoneoftheworld'sfinestcollectionsofEuropeanart,tothesmallergalleries.suchastheWallaceCollection,withitsunnvalledrepresentationofeighteenth-centuryFrenchart.TheTateGalleryhousesthenationalcollectionofBritishpaintingandmodernsculpture.MentronmustbemadetoooftheNationalPortraitGallerywrthitsfinecollectionofportraitsspanningsixcenturies.

Ifyou'dratherseeabitoflondongreenery,youcanenjoythedelightsofLondon'sparks.greenislandsofpeaceandquietrnthemiddleofthenoisysea.

Thebest-knownparksare.ofcourse,thecentralones:St.James'sPark,HydePark,Regent'sPark.andKensingtonGardens.TheyhavemanyattractionsHydeParkhasthe

Serpentine,alittlelake,where,rfonefeelsinclined.onemaytakeaswimorgoforarow,andSpeakers'Cornerwhereonegetupandsayanything(oralmostanything!)onepleases.KensingtonGardenshastheRoundPondwhere"drylandsailors"ofallagessaileverykindofmodelyacht.St.James'sParkboastsatrulyelegantlakeonwhichlivesagreatvarietyofwlldduck.

Aseveningfalls,shopsandmuseumsclose,butrestaurants,cinemasandtheatresopen.Soit'stimetohoponthefirstsightseeingbusatthenearestbutstopand1twillbringyoutoPiccadillyCircus,yourstartingpoint.Youwon'tbeabletoleaveLondoncaptivatedbytheWestEnd.Magic,forthere'safeelingofgaietyandwell-beingthatyoumightfindinfectious.London'sentertainmentscene1scolourfulanddiverseAlltastesarecateredforintheatre,mus1canddance.Whetherclassrcalmusic.Shakespeareantheatre,raucoUscomedyordiscothequesareyourpreference.Londonhassomethingforeveryone

Thereissomuchtoseeinthis.thelargestcityinEuropethatissuretoexhaustyoubeforeyouexhaustitspossibilities

lateatnightyouleaveLondondetrminedtovisitthisfascinatingcityagarnandagain.

WordMeaning

/ Ex.12Answerthequestions.

1 What1smeantbyonthehourrnthesentence.Onthehourthebellsof819Benringloudandclear?

2.WhatismeantbyLondon'sskyHne?

3.Findtheoppositeoftheadverbcomparablyinthetext.Checkthepronunciation.

_{4Whatismeantbytomakethemostofsomething?}

5.Whatisatreasurechesn

6.Whatisthemeaningofthewordspanrnthecollecttonspanningsixcenturies?

244

7 What1scalledthenoisysea1nthetext?

8.Whocanbecalledadrylandsailor?

9.WhatISwellbomg?

10What1smeantbytolookdeepmtotheessencesofthings?

Ex.13SayInotherwords.

a) apol1t1calandgovernmentfigure.especiallyonewhoISrespectedasbe1ngwise.honorableandfa1r.

b) closeto

c) tobeveryfullofsmth.

d) anobjectthatwasmadeinthepastandishistoncally1mportant,e) smththatmakesyoufeelveryhappyorsatisfied,

f) extremelybeautifulandverydelicatelymade;

g) tostartsmth,suchasanorganization,cityetc;

h) toattractsomeoneverymuch;

WordUse

Ex.14Supplyprepositionsorpostpositlonswherenecessary.a)tomarch thegates.

b)tobnm things,

c)tobepopular children;

d)tocomeface face smth;

e)tohouse smth;

f) tokeep&mb doingsmthg)togo arow.

Ex.15Withoutfookingbackatthetexttrytosupplythemissingwordthatcom·

pletestheseexpressions.

a)tohop abus;

b)tomakethe ofsmth;

c)tolookdeep1ntothe ofthings,d)ment1onmustbe ofsmth,

e)asevening _

f) 1nthe oftheC1ty;

Ex.16Completethesentencesusingthewordsfromthetext.TohelpyouthefirstJetterofeachwordisgiven.

1Thewarmsunnyweatheralwaysg1vesmeasenseofw -b _

2 PrimroseHillshasoneofthebestviewsofLondon'ss _

3 Richmondb elegantmansionswh1chareopentothepublic

245

4.Highlightsofthetourwillincludemanyw-fsightsaroundtheToweroflondonwhereyoucanmarvelatitshistoricalandbloodypastandadmirethepreciouscoftheCrownJewels.

5 Thev plainsstretchforhundredsofmiles.

6.Displaysofpompandp areanimportantdisplayofthelondons _

7.PiccadillyCircusatnightisac sight.

ClassDiscussion

Ex.17Answerthequestions:

1.WhatisoneofthemostfamoussoundsInLondon?

2.WhatisBigBen?

3 WhatisStPaul'sCathedralfamousfor?

4.Wheredoesthemostfamousdisplayofroyalpageantrytakeplace?

5.Londonispackedwithfinemuseumsandgalleries.Doyouagreewiththisstatement?

6.WhydoyouthinktheBritishmuseumisstillfreetoenter?

7.Wherearelondon'sbest-knownparkssituated?

8.WhydoyouthinkaretheparkssometimescalledLondon'slungs?

9.WhatdopeopleusetheRoundPondinKensingtonGardensfor?

10.DoyouthinkthatnightlifeiswideranginginLondon?

11.TheysaythatifaLondonerisneveratalosswhattodointhisexcitingcity,thennorshouldyoube.Doyouagree?

ClassImprovisation

Workinpairs.HalfofthepairsshouldlookatactivityA,whiletheotherpairslookatactivityB.Youandyourpartneraregoingtoplanhalfadayvisitingpartof

London,whileothersareplanningtheotherhalfoftheday.

Whenyouhavedecidedonyourplans,formagroupof4withanotnerpair

andexplainyourIdeas.Sinceyouwouldliketospendthewholedaytogether,Itmaybenecessarytocompromiseoverwheretohavelunch.

_{Youmayusethefollowingexpressions:}

WecanYdoevetything,so...

I'dliketoseethe..

_{It'dbenicetogoto...}

Wethoughtwecouldstartby...

Afterthatwe'dliketo...

_{Ifthereistimewe'II...}

246

_StudentA Planamorning'ssightseeingInWestminster.Don'tattempttofittoomanythingsIntothetimeavailable.

BUCKINGHAMPALACE:Residenceofthemonarch.Changingoftheguardat11.30.Notopentothepublic.

DOWNINGSTREET:No10isthehomeof

thePrimeMinister.Notopentothepublic.HOUSESOFPARLIAMENT:Opentovisitorsondayswhenpar1iamentisnotsitting.

HORSEGUARDS:Changingoftheguard

at11.00(10.00onSat).

THEMALL:Wideavenueconnecting

Buck1nghamPalacewithTrafalgarSq.

1 NATIONALGALLERY:EnormouscollectionofEuropeanpainting.Cafe.

NELSON'SCOLUMN:InTrafalgarSq.Surroundedbypigeonsandtourists.

NEWSCOTLANDYARD:Headquartersof

MetropolitanPolice..Notopentopublic.STJAMES'SPALACE:Sentriesinuniform.Notopentopublic.

SRJAMES'SPARK:prettyplace!orpicnic.

Lakewithpelicans,ducksandbirdsWESTMINSTERABBEY:Englishkingsandqueenscrownedheresince1066andmanyburiedhere.Goearlybeforethecrowds.WESTMINSTERHALL:Buill1097.Impressivebuildingwithwoodenroof.WHITEHALL:Widestreetlinedwithgovernmentdepartments,

_{(ThereardplentyofrestaurantsandpubsaroundCharingCrossandinVictoriaStreet)}

247

StudentB ^{PlananafternoonsightseeingIntheCityofLondon.Don'tattempt}tofittoomanythingsintothetimeavailable.

_{BARBICANARTSCENTRE:Ultra-modem STKATHARINe•sWHARF:Olddockand}

concerthall,theatreandartgallerycomplex.Restaurantsandbars.

BANKOFENGLAND:VaultsholdBritain'sgoldreserves.Notopentothepublic.GUILDHALL:CivichalloftheCityoflon­don.Datesfrom1411.

MANSIONHOUSE:Residenceofthelord

MayorofLondon.Notopentopublic.THEMONUMENT:62mtower.311stepsup(anddownagain)-goodviewfromtop.MISEUMOFLONDON:Excitingmuseum

^{r showingLondonfromprehistorictimesto}

thepresentday.Cafe.

ROYALEXCHANGE:19thcenturybuildingwithcoveredcourtyard.

warehousesintoyachthavenwithrestaurants,shopsandtheDickensInn.Historicshipsonsho"Yeveryday.

STPAUL•sCATHEDRAL:BuiltbySir

ChristopherWren,completedin1708.BeautifulinteriorandsuperbviewsfromStoneGallery.

STOCKEXCHANGE:Visitors'galleryopen

till15.15.

TOWERBRIDGE:Builtin19thcentury.Pedestrianwalkwayontopwithviews.Toweroflondon:Normsnfortress.Crownjewels.Beefeatersinuniform.Hugecrowdsinsummer.

_{(PubsintheC1tyopenat5.30.butmanyaredosedatweekends.)}

248

_{RevisionandConsolidation}

I.Putinwordsfromthebox.

SnowdoniaNationalPark

coast ·sealevel _mountainous spectacular

^datebackto valleys seltled relics^varied ancient ^variety attraction^scenety ruggedness boundaries centuries

coastline mmains

coastalsquaresettlements

landscape

TheSnowdoniaNationalParkcomprises840(1)milesofbeautifuland(2)countryside.Withinits(3)therearesixteennaturereserveswhidltestifytotheunusualstoreofwtldlife,'andnumerous(4)of(5)tribesandcuttures.

Neartyalltheearly(6) ·.ofman'ssettlementinSnowdoniaarefoundalongthenorthern(7) .People(8) uponthese'Slopesbecauseofthemilderclimate.The(9) wereuninhabitable,duetomarshesandimpehetrableforest·TheprincipalremainsofearlyChristian(10) arethegravestones.AtBeddgelertpartsoftheexistingchurches(11) ----- _

_{thetwelfthandthirteenth(12)·-=-==-:--:--:-}

Snowdonia'shighestpointis3,650feetabove(13). ,yetit

appearsa(14)•area,perhapsbecauseoftheabruptnatureofthe(15)itssuddenrisefromthe(16)'.andgreatbareslopes,a(17)leftbytheice-ageglaciers.Consequently,thereisanenormous(18)of(19).fromthemilder(20)------regionstothe(21)·peaks.

Snowdonitselfisthemostpopularsummrtandwasthe(22) ofNorth

Waleswhichdrewthefirsttouristsintheeighteenthcentury.

II.Putinpropositions.

Visitorsplenty_moneytospendwhocomechiefly_enjoymentarelikelytopassmost_theirtime-l-theWestEnd.ThosewhocometolearnLondon'shis­torywillfindmuchtointerestthem_thecity.Heremost_thestreetsarenarrowandtrafficisoftenveryslow.Many_thesenarrowstreetsrundowntheThamesand_._theend_many_themwarehousescanbeseen.TheCityisconcerned·finance,but

itisalsoamarket_:__goodsalmosteverykind,allparts_thewor1d.

Theportoflondonis theeast_theCity.Heretodayaremilesandmiles

_docks,andthegreatIndustrialareasthatdepend_shipping.ThisistheEastEnd

_London,unattractive_appearance,butveryimportantthecountry'scom­

merce.Ships_6,000tonscancomeasfarasLondonBrtdge,belowwhichisthepart

_therivercalledthePool.TheycanpassTowerBridge.Ittakesonlyfiveminutes

toraisethetwohalves_theroadwaytoallowashiptopass.

Ill.Putin11rticleawherenecesslll)l.

A. Englishisofficialandpredominantlanguage; Gaelicisspokenin

partsofScotlandandNorthernIrelandandon_IsleofMan,Orkneys,

249

etc.Welshisfirstlanguageinmostof_westerncountiesofWales

andatleastformallyenjoysequalstatuswithEnglishasoffic1allanguageof

area.Thereis_growingmovementinWalesandScotlandfor_revivalof

cultureandnativelanguages.

B.FormanypeopleLondonmeans(1)_Mayfair,(2)_PiccadillyCircus.(3)_PallMal!and(4)_Knightsbridge.AlltheseplacesfallwithintheboundariesofwhatISlooselycalled(5)_WestEnd.Ifyouarecarryingsuff1c1entsumsofsterling,thiSISwhereyou'llprobablystaywhileinLondon.(6)_ParkLane.whichrunsalongthesideof(7}_leafyHydeParkfrom(8)_MarbleArchtothebeg1nningof(9)_P1ccad1lly,isarowofluxurioushotels,including(10)_24-storeylondonHilton,Again,ifyouarelookingforsomethingalittlemoreexclusive,youcanparkyour'Rolls'at(11)_Claridge'sin(12)

_nearbyBrookStreetandaskif(13)_RoyalSuiteisfree.(14)_WestEndhas(15)_pickof(16)_shops.(17)_gracefullycurvingRegentStreetcontainsallthai'sbestinEnglishtailoring.(18)_OxfordStreetboastsperhapsthebiggestconcentrationofdepartmentstoresintheworld,andjustoffitis(19)_BondStreet(20)

_shoppingcentreofmilliona1resandf1imstarsinwork.Thenon(21)_southerlys1de

of(22)_Park,thereare(23)_boutiquesof(24)_Knightsbridgeandthatvastred­

brickmeccaforspenderscalled(25)_Harrods.

_{IV.TranslateIntoEnglish.}

1.nO'IeMy6bJHaMHenOX0AJ.1Tbnoy3KMMMJBI1nlt·CTbiMynD'-lKBJolnoHOHB

2.Haropi130HTenOt-\AoHaBblpitC08biBa8Tc.R6aWHR

l.leHTpanbHOnO'-ITbl.

3.CeneouecKoponpeaparMnocbeQ&eTyU.\J.1Mnopr

114eHTproproem1.

4.BnOH.QoHeKa)l(,[l,aR"'acTbJ.1MeercaoHKonop1o1r

(diStinclfeatures).Hanp,MOp,YocT-3'!11-4•Hll>

POCKOWHJ.1BCRI.IecKMXI.IYAec.

5.npe)I(Ae,1.1eMompaaJ.1TbCRHa3KcK)'pclo110,cne­

AYeTacexopowocnnaHHpoBaTb.

6,nllOU(at:\bnepenonHeHaf110AbMJ.1BCRKHXHBI.V1D­

H8f1bHOCTeH.JroTBKastpa3HDLIBeTH8FITOnna,

'flOHenepecraewbYAJ.1BnRTbC$1,KaKMeMblacepa3Hble.

7.KaKapxureKTypHbiMnaMATHJ.1K,4BpKOBb3anDIItlt·HaetcR-npRMOfJ..YXJBXBaTbiBaeT,KOrAaCMOT­

PI-1WbHaeerorNeCK)'IOaenaeocTbJ.1Kpacmy.

8.3Ha<4J.1T,BblIIIHTepecyerecbCTpaHOBeA"4E!CICMM

MYJeeM?BbiXOAKTe1'13aero6ycaHnpoAJ.1TB

snepeA5MJ.1Hyr.

9.1lOI.!BpDBaHKOnlleK4He11eaponei1cKOrOKCK'fCCT·Sa,KOTOpaRHBXQAHTCRaHatV10HBnbHoMranepee.

10.KTO6blMOrnQAyMBTb,'-ITOaU,BHTperopoABMO·

)f(8T6b1TbCTOf1bJCO3eneHMJ.1AIIIIO'IX'(TOll.napK

Ca.,[l.lK.ei1McaMO*-BTropAKTbCRcaoeMKpacoroH

14300HIHTHOMMBHitpDBKOH,

1.4auy15HaMHenaxaAJil.lbnasyJKixsynB'fKBxy

1.13HTpblnoHABHa.

2.HaAanRrnRA3efloH,qaHaBb1Maneyeae1.14aBell<a

_{ij3Hrp8nbHa.'tnOWTbt}

^{3.nacRneHHexyrKaeblpacnayKBh"HeiO'lblnopri}

1.13HTPraHAmO.

4.YflOHAaHeKQ)kt-IB.R'-IBCTKauaeCBaeaAMeTHbiR

pb!Cb!, HanpbiKnaA, Y3CT-3H,ll 4JHTP

6ararcreaiycRnRkixu,yAaY.

_{5.nepW,blhla,D,npaBil.ll.IBHa3KCKypC110,BapTa}

ycecnnaHaBBL.IbAo6pa.

6.nrow1.1a nepanoYHBHa !110AJbMi jCRf1RKiX

_{HCi4biRHanbH8Cl.lllj,f'3Taraidpo3H3Kaf1.Rpo8bl}

^{HBTOjn,WTOAJiByAaewcR,Rl<is:lMblyce}

po3HbiA.

7.RKapxiT3KTYPHblnoMHiK,pksaaanaMi­HanbHaA.6oall<AYXlaXOnnieae.KanirnMJIWHaAeHllbNHYIOeenNinpblra>KOCL.Ib.

8.Ara,Bbl4iKaBi4ecAKpasaHay.tbiMM)'3eeM.

8b1MA,Ji4eJaYro6ycainpai4,Qait.exsimH5

_ynep.

9.RVaaxanneHHI3A1<al1eK4bliejpanei1CKara

MBCT84T83,UITQ3H8XOA3iU,l.lajHaU,biRH8nbHa

ranep3i.

10.XTOMOrOMYMBI..Ib,WTOYl.\3Hlpb1ropaAaMO

6bllJ,bCT0!1bKiJeneHiiAliKixKaaK.naptcCa

,Q»:JKMcaMO>KaraHBpbl448caaeHnpblriDKOCLIIO

_{i3neraHTHal1nnaHipoj11aH.}

258

_UNIT3

_BELARUS

AttheCrossroadsofEur•11•

Belarusisanewstate,sovereignnowaftermanyyearsofbeingsubsumedwithinmorepowerfulneighbouringstates.GeographicallYpositionedinthecentreofEurope,be·tweenRussia,Poland,Lithuania,LatviaandUkraine,BelarushasattimesbeeniRunionwithorapartofnearlyeach-themedievalKievanRusstate,theGrandDuchyofLithua­nia,thePohsh-LithuanianCommonwealth,theRussianEmpire,interwarPoland,andthe

SovietUnion.

TheRepublicofBelaruscamelnteexistenceattheendof1991astheindependentsuccessorstateoftheB.S.S.R.

Becauseofseveralhistoricalissues,thecountry'snamehashadalargenumberofspellingvariantsinEnglishovertheyears(Byelorussia,Belorussia,Bielarus.WhiteRus­sia,etc.).Belarus(withtheadjectiveBelarusian)isthepreferredspellingnow.

Thenameofthecountrygoesbacktothetwelfthcenturyanditsoriginshaveasmanyexplanationsasitsvariousspellings.

In1999Belarushadapopulationof10,8million:nowthecountryshowssomede­creaseinpopulation,especiallyinruralareas.According"tothecensusof1999Belaru­siansmakeupaboutthree-quarters(82%).Russiansformthesecondlargestethnicgroup.

MostoftheremainderarePoles,Ukrainians.Lithuanians,Jews,TatarsandGypsies.

BelarusianandRussianareofficiallanguages.Russianisspokeninurbanareas,and

Belarusian-inthecountrysideandamongsomeoftheIntellectualeliteinthecities.

Unfortunately,manyethnicBelarusiansowncomparativelackofconcernforthe

Belarusiancultureandlanguage.

Nevertheless,anewsenseofnationalidentityandarevivalofintertstinBelarusiancultureareevident.

AlthoughtheBelarusiansbelongtotheEastSlavicethnicgroup,thereisastrongmix­

tureofBalticandScandinavianelementsintheirracial,linguisticandculturalbackground.

MostBelarusiansfolloweithertheBelarusianCatholicreligionortheEasternOrthodox

faith.

PhysicalGeography

Thelandscapeismostlyflat.Thehighestpoint,DziarzhynskayaMountain,isonly345metresabovesealevel.Elevatedareasoccupyaboutone-thirdoftherepublic'sterritory.SouthernBelarusismadeupofmarshes,swampsandforests.Thevast,forestedswamps(thelargestinEurope)arecalledthePrypiatsMarshes.(Palesse)

251

Belarusisacountryoflongriversandnumerousrivuletsandstreamsandbeautifullakes_

ThemajorriversaretheNeman(Nieman),andtheWesternDvinaflowingintothe

BalticSea.andtheDnieperflowingintotheBlackSea.LakeNarach,located1nthepictur·esquepine·coveredcountry,isthelargestLakeSvitsiazismorefamousforitsmarvel­lousbeautyandfascinatinglegends

Forestscover40percentofthecountry'ssurface.ThebestknownaretheBelavezha

Forest(Pushcha)andtheNalibokiForest.TheBe!avezhaForestisthelargestsyrvivingareaofprimevalm1xedforestinEurope.Ithasmajesticoldsprucesandrareammals.ThereserveinBelavezhaisthemajorhomeoftheEuropeanbison(aurochs)

^{BelarushasacontinentalclimatemoderatedbymaritimeinfluencefromtheAtlantic}

Ocean.AverageJanuarytemperaturesrangefrom-4QCto-B"C,butthawdaysarefre­

quent.Max1mumtemperaturesinJulyareabout+1rCto+19C.Rainfallismoderate,withitsmaximumfromJunetoAugust.

ManufacturingandAgriculture

Belarusisknownforitsheavy-dutytrucksandtractors.Itsplantsandfactoriesmanu·facturecomputers.engineeringequipment,metal-cuttingtools,andsuchconsumergoodsasb1cycles.docksandwatches.motorcycles.refrigeratorsetc.

Belarusianforestsyieldmanywoodproducts.

Thecountry'smajorcropsincludebarley,flax,potatoes,ryeandsugarbeat.Farmersraisecattleandpigs.

Priorityareasintheculturalpolicies

• protectingthenation'shistoricalheritage;

• supportingtheuniquecharacterofthenationalculture;

• promotingamateurandprofessionalarts;

• developingthenationallanguage;

• build1nghealthymoralvalues,idealsandtraditions;

• expand1ngcross·culturallinks.

WelcometoBelarus

Belarusisawonderfulcountryofgreatpast,ahospitablelandoffriendlypeople,asmallpartofEurope,whichboastscalmandlovelysceneryofgreatnaturalbeauty.Thevarietyandcharmarecreatedbyrollinghillsand.greenvalleys,thickforestsandpicturesquewoods.goldenfieldsandfragrantmeadows.ribbonl·ikeriversandcrystal·clearlakes.Hereyoucanadm1rethestnk1ngbeautyofstonepalaces,sacredtemples,ancienttownsandbelfries.Eventhoughyoucanseeonlyremnantsofsomecastlesandchurches.manyofwhicharebeingrestorednow,youwillfeelthehistoricalandculturalheritageofthelandwherethepastandthepresentexistsidebyside_Allthesitesbearwitnesstotheheroicpasttheypreservethespiritofourancestors.

TravellingaboutBelarusyouWillenJOYthediscoveryofthecountryineveryseasonoftheyear;th1smarvellouslandisreadytoawardyoLIwithenchanting1magesinfloweryspringandsunnysummer,ingoldenautumnandsnowywfnter.Weinv1teyoutoexplore

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thecountry,andwewishyouallthebestinsearchofnewspotsAndeachspot,believeme_isdistinctiveuniqueandattractive.Thesightsandsmellswillgreetyoueachstepofthewayonyourjourneythroughthecountry.

Therearefivemajorcentresbes1desMinskinBelarus.Thefirsttripwilltakeyouto

Brest,thegatewaytoWesternEurope

Brest,amajorpo1ntofentrytoBelarusbyrailfromPoland,wasthesiteoftheReligious

UnionofBrest(1569)andtheTreatyofBrest-Utovsk(1918).Inthepost-WorldWar11pe­

nodthec1tywasknownmainlyforitsfortress.whereSov1etsoldiersres1stedtheGermanArmyin1941.Takeawalkaboutthefortress,lingernearthecrackedwallsoftheCitadelandexplorethemuseum.whichcontainsmorethan30000exhibits.

OneoftheImpressivesightsoftheareaIStheKamianets{White)Tower,a13:-century

fortress.Situatedonahighhillneartheriver,itdomincitesthesceniccountrysideandof­

fersyouav1s1ttothelocalmuseumoffloraandfauna_

Apleasant20-minutednveWillbringyoutotheBelavezhaForestwh1chistheh1ghlight

ofmostVISitstoBelarus.Locatedintheforest,Viskuliisknownfortheagreementtodis­solvetheUS.S.Rin1991Thethreecontractingrepublics(Belarus.Russia,Ukraine}rec­ognizedeachother'ssovereigntyandagreedtoformtheCIS(CommonwealthofInde­pendentStates).

Anotherwesternc1tyisHrodnaIGrodno.Itisiocatedinpicturesquesurroundingson

thegloriousN1omanR1verTheonecharacteristicofthecitythcitneverfa1lstodrawcom­plimentsfromVIsitorsisthenumberofancientbuildings,narrowcobblestonestreetsandwonderfulchurches.Hrodnaisoneoftheplacesthathasretainedmuchof1tsancientcharmandIndividuality_

After1392HrodnaenjoyedthestatusofasecondcapitaloftheG.D.L.{GrandDuchyof

Lithuania)

AshortwalkalongthesteepbankoftherivertowardsthefamousKalozhaChurch.a

rarespecimenofoldRussianandByzantinearchitecture{12mcentury),willbearemark­

ableexperience.TheprofileoftheFarnyChurch.thelargestCatholicchurchinWestern

Belarusandafineexampleofbaroquearchitecture,isunmistakable_

Literaryconnectionsandassociationsarevis1bleinmanystreetswhereyoucanseethemuralsorv1sittheliterarymuseums(Azheshka.Bahdanovich).

Thecentreofnorth·westernBelarusISVitsebsk.aportontheWesternDv1na.nowfa­

mousfortischurches,itsdistinctstyleofpaintingandmemoriesofMarcChagallwhowasborninitsvicinity.

In974V1tsebskplayedanimportantroleasamainpointontheroutefromScandinavtatoByzantium. Jr,,_v.J·

^{TheYakubKalasDramaTheatreofVitsebskenjoysa·desrvedreputationforpresent}

ingthebestofnat1onalandforeignplaywrightson1tsstageandforparticipatinginEuro­

peanfestivals(Venice,Edinburgh).

ForthediversityofculturallifeVitsebskclaimstobeariva!ofMinskItwarmlyinvites

youtodiscoverallthevisitor'sopportunities_

Furthersouthisanotherriverport.MahilouIMogilev_TheDnieperdividesthecityinto

twoparts.·

MahilouisalsoacrosswaysofrailroadsandservesasintermediarybetweenWestern

EuropeandRussia.

ThecitypreservessomeSignificanthistoricsites,includingchurches(St.Nicola's

Church.1669-1772),theHouse-MuseumofthepainterBlalynitski-Biruliaandcivicbuildings.

TakeastrollalongthescenicDnieperRivertofeeltheromanticatmosphereofthearea.

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Hamiel/GamelisanImportantrailroadlink.nowoneofthemostindustrializedcentresofBelarus.ItISnch1nculturalandeducationallife.Amongrtsattractionsweshouldf1rstmentiontheCathedralofSSPeterandPaulandthemarvellousparkwhichwaslaidoutinthe18¹h-19tllcenturies.Itisworthavisit.Wanderalongitsshadyalleys,iewtheRiverSozhfromthesteepbank,lingernearthepalacetoenjoyItS-Classical-beauty.Itsfour­tieredtowerdominatestheparkandproducesanunforgettable.impression.

You'llfindyourjourneytothiscitycaptivating,rewardingandmemorable.

SmallertownsareofnolesshiStoricalvalueTheyoffertheVISitoradtscriminatingchoiceofsightseeingattract1ons;theypossessanarrayofhistoricalwonders;theyhelptotracetheh1storyofBelarusfromancienttimestothpresentday.

Polatsk,thecapitalofthefirstBelarusianstate(988)andthebirthplaceofFranc1s

SkarynaandEuphrasynePolatskaya,isthemajorsourceofpride.Fortasteofrealbeauty,takeawalkalongtheWesternDvinabanktoSt.Sophia'sCathedral,thesightofwhichistrulyimpressive.It'soneofthecountry'slandmarksandaprimedestinationformanytour­ists.Thecathedralwasbuiltinthe11thcenturyasasymbolofpowerandprestige.NearathandisStEuphrasyneChurch,aplaceofworsh1pandp1lgrimage.

W1thitshistoricalbuildings,librariesandartgallenes,aswellasscenicsurroundings,

Polatskattractsmoreandmorevisitorswitheverycoming¥E'ar.Belarusiansarejustifiablyproudofthistownanditsheritage.

IntheverycentreofBelarusyoucanseetwosmalltowns-NiasvizhandMir.Theyarealsoworthajoumey,astheyholdthetracesofthepast.andthevisitorscanenjoytradi­tionalBelarusiancharmthere.

Nlasvizh1sfamousfor1tsroleinpastcenturiesFirstmentioned1n1223,itwasthecap1talofthemed!evalduchyruledbythefamilyofRadzivilfam1lywhobuiltasplendidpal­ace.ForcentUfiesthetownwasoneoftherichestinculturaltreasureswithahugelibrary,aprintinghousehistoricalarchives.theatre,schoolsofballet,churches,etc.Thebeautyoftheparkisashardtodefineasitiseasytoenjoy.Donotmissthechance!Thehistoryandthesplendourwillmakeyourwalkeducational.inspirationalandenjoyable.

Mir,asmallsettlement.foundedin1395isrenownedforitsworld-famous1611>-century

castle.nowunderreconstruction.ThismajesticstructureisontheUNESCOlistoftheworld'sarchitecturaltreasures.Withthetranquillityofthecountrysidearound,thecastleISbreathtakinginitsperfection.

TheprovincialtownofNavahrudakwasthefirstcapitaloftheG.D.L.Thetownboastsscoresofinterestingattractions,whichincludetheRuinsoftheFortress,churchesandtheMickiewtczHouse-Museum.

Des1gnedtodominatethehillycountryside,theCastlewasoneofthemostpowerfulinhe10^1'century_Lateritwasruinedbycrusadersand·invadersButeveryJuneknightsfromd1fferentcountnesgettogetheronthehilltorevivethegloriousandromantictraditionsofthepast.Jointhemfortheannualgatheringandyouwlllfeelthatthecharmandspiritofhistorystillhangsintheair.

AdamMickiewicz'searlylifeisconnectedwiththistownanditssurroundings,thesourceofthepoet'sinspiration.ThemuseumisoneofthebestinBelarus.itcontainsnu­merousexhtbitsillustratingvariousaspectsofthepoet'slife.

Anhour'sridewestwilltakeyoutotheancientriver-townofSlonimAshortwalkalongthetown'snarrowstreetswillremindyouofthefamoustheatrebuillbythestatesman,

composerandpoetMichalAhinski.WithintenkilometresofSlonimreststhevillageofZhy­rovichy,theplaceofpilgrimageformanyChristianswhocometoseeoneofthemainob­jectsofworship,theIconoftheMotherofGod.Othersightsincludethe1611l-centurymon­asteryandtheTheologicalSeminaryoftheBelarusianOrthodoxChurch.Thecharmofan­cientbuildingsandorchard-filledareasistrulyunforgettable.

Areyoutiredofcitiesandtowns?Doyouneedrelaxation?Thendonotmissachance

ofjumpingintothesoftwatersofLakeNarochorachanceofexploringthewoodsroundthebluesparklingBraslauLakes.Manyotherlakesbeckonyouforsw1mm1ng,dramaticsunrisesandromanticwalks.

Ifyourprimeinterestissport,youcanhaveapleasureofwatchingwater-skiingraces

onLakePtsich,or,inwintertime,skijumpingandbiathloncontestsinRaubichy,anOlym­picComplexinthehillyforestedcountryside.Ifyouseekmystery,LakeSvitsiazbringsaspecificopportunityandpleasuretolistentofascinatinglegendsandtocapturethev1brantcoloursofautumnwoodsnearby.

Onyourroutes,shortorlong,youwillseesmallvillagesdottedonthehillsorscatteredontheriverbanksandoutlyingfarmshiddeninthewoods.Youwillbesurprised,ifnotstruck.toseeafamilyofstorksbuildingtheirnestsabovethetemples,towersandoldtrees.ThewhitestorkisthesymbolofBelarus.theLandBeneathWhiteWings(asUlad­

zimirKaratkev1chcalledit).Andthesewonderfulwingssymbolizelifeandabrightfuture.

AllofthisandmoreawaityouinBelarus.Youarewelcome!

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