Who (world health organization)

WHO was founded in 1948. In 1946 the United Nations held an International Health Conference in New York. There the Constitution of WHO was signed by 61 countries. Now- there are 150 member-states. Membership is open to all countries.

WHO activities take many forms:

— strengthening national health services,

— preparing more and better health workers,

— controlling or eradicating epidemic diseases,

— protecting mother's and child health,

— improving sanitation and water supply,

— and making all other efforts to raise health levels.

One of the main services carried out by WHO is the service of epidemic warnings. The five main world epidemics of history — plague, cholera, smallpox, typhus and yellow fever—are still a great danger in our time of fast sea and air travel.

WHO gathers information and broadcasts it daily by radio to health authorities, ports, airports and ships at sea. WHO also informs national health services about outbreaks of viral diseases such as influenza and poliomyelitis.

Besides an epidemic information WHO also provides services which are needed by all the countries, such as an international quarantine mea­sures, world health statistics, international standardization of medicines and vaccines, development of medical research and technical publication programme.

The daily work of the World Health Organization is carried out by a medical and administrative staff of about 2,400 international officers from 70 different countries. These officers are stationed at headquarters in Geneva, in Regional Offices, or with special centers working on every continent.

Post-text assignments

Exercise 8. Skim through the text and answer the questions:

1. When was WHO founded?

2. How many member-states are there in WHO?

3. What are the most active forms of WHO activities?

4. How are national health services informed about outbreaks of viral diseases?

5. Do all countries need services provided by WHO?

6. Who performs the daily work of the World Health Organization?

7. Where are headquarters of WHO stationed?

Exercise 9. Translate into English:

1. Конституция ВОЗ была подписана 61 страной.

2. Членство в ВОЗ доступно всем странам.

3. ВОЗ информирует национальные службы здравоохранения о вспышках вирусных инфекций.

4. Ежедневная работа ВОЗ проводится медицинским и административным аппаратом служащих из разных стран.

5. Штаб-квартира ВОЗ расположена в Женеве.

6. ВОЗ также обеспечивает службы необходимые всем странам, такие как международная стандартизация лекарств и вакцин, медицинские исследования и другие.

7. Пять эпидемий в мировой истории – чума, холера, оспа, тиф, желтая лихорадка – все еще представляют большую опасность

Exercise 10. State wheather the following is correct:

There are nearly 100 member –states in WHO.

One of the main services of WHO is the service of epidemic warning.

WHO gathers information and broadcasts it by radio.

The daily work of the World Health Organization is carried out by 2.400 international officers from 80 different countries.

There are special centres working on every continent.

Exercise 11.Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the words with -ing forms:

1. Training of medical personnel is one of the most important problems of WHO.

2. Great stress is laid on eradicating of the most dangerous and wide-spreading diseases.

3. WHO is called upon to act as a navigator in coordinating the efforts of international scientists showing ways of setting these tasks.

4. Our country ascribes great importance to the broadening and strengthening of international cooperation, including the field of health protection.

Exercise 12. Find and translate 5 words being noun and verb at the same time (formed by conversion).

E. g. work - работа to work - работать

Exercise 13. Put questions to the underlined words:

WHO was founded in 1948.

There are 150 member-states in WHO.

One of the main services of WHO is the service of epidemic warning.

The daily work of WHO is carried out by a medical and administrative staff.

WHO also provides information about international quarantine measures.

Exercise 14. Insert prepositions:

The Constitution of WHO was signed … 61 countries.

Membership in WHO is open … all countries.

WHO also informs national health services … outbreaks of viral diseases.

The five world epidemics of history are still a great danger … our time.

WHO broadcasts information … health authorities.

International officers working in WHO are stationed … headquarters … Geneva… Regional offices.

Exercise 15. Tell what you mean by

disease

health

epidemic

Exercise 16. SPECIALISTS. Where can you find these patients? Match the patients with the correct wards or departments.

1. Intensive Care Unit

2. Casualty and Emergency Department

3. Paediatiic Ward

4. Maternity Unit

5. Orthopaedic Ward

6. Surgical Ward

7. Geriatric Ward

8. Ophthalmic Ward

9. Gynaecological Ward

a. Mary who has just had a baby

b. John who has broken his leg

c. My grandmother who is suffering from pneumonia complications

d. Peter who will have his appendix removed

e. Betty's mother who is suffering from women's disease

f. My mother who will be operated on for an eye cataract

g. Samuel who is unconscious

h. Paul who has just been in a car crash

i. Your son who has measles

TEST

1. WHO was founded in … .

a) 1938

b) 1940

c) 1944

d) 1948

e) 1950

2. There are … member-states in WHO now.

a) 80

b) 100

c) 150

d) 180

e) 200

3. The constitution of WHO was signed in … .

a) London

b) New York

c) Helsinki

d) Washington

e) Paris

4. A medical and administrative staff consists of international officers from … countries.

a) 30

b) 40

c) 50

d) 60

e) 70

5. The main headquarter of WHO is in … .

a) Brussel

b) Paris

c) Geneva

d) Delhi

e) Prague

6. WHO gathers information and broadcasts it by …

a) TV

b) Conference

c) Songs

d) Radio

e) Symposium

7. The daily work of the World Health Organisation is carried … by a medical and administrative staff.

a) in

b) out

c) into

d) at

e) onto

8. Membership is open … all countries.

a) at

b) in

c) to

d) for

e) among

9. WHO informs national health services … outbreaks of viral diseases.

a) of

b) with

c) for

d) about

e) in

10. Regional offices or special centres are working … every continent.

a) at

b) on

c) in

d) of

e) inside

4 . C E L L S

Exercise 1. Practise the pronunciation:

Cell [sel], nucleus [^rnju:kliəs], nuclei ['nju:kliai]_, cytoplasm ['saitəplæzm], microscopy [maikrə'skopi], mammalian [mæ'meiliən], alive [ə'laiv], double [dΛbl], organelle ['o:gənə1], granule ['grænju:l], cellular ['seljulə], bacteria [bæk'tiəriə], pinocytosis [painəsai'təusis], tiny [taini], environment [in'vaiər(ə)nmənt]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

A large number -большое количество

To survive - выживать

Reason - причина

Aside from- помимо

Staining characteristics- свойство окрашиваться

inclusion -включение

to maintain - поддерживать

to refer to - относиться

to ingest - глотать, проглатывать

inflammation - воспаление

to combat - бороться

leakage —протекание, утечка

Exercise 3. Form new words using suffices and translate them:

- LY: structural, frequent, high, rare, rapid, slow

- FUL: harm, use, pain, care, hope, wonder

Exercise 4. Give Russian equivalents of the following word combinations:

A short life span, spherical structure, red blood cells, keratinized cells, a pathologic process, staining characteristics, a double membrane, secretory and pigment granules, tiny holes, the cellular membrane, unwanted substances, absorption of liquids, harmful substances.

Exercise 4.Read and translate the text:

CELLS

A large number of cells make up our body. They range from small cells, some of which have a short life span, to others which are extremely large and which may survive in the body as long as we remain alive.

Structurally, each of the cells is divided into two main parts, the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

The nucleus is a large, spherical structure: it is surrounded by cytoplasm. It is a most important structure for several reasons. It is important because it is present in all mammalian cells except red blood cells and keratinized cells. Very frequently nuclei serve as the basis for diagnosing a pathologic process. Aside from their staining characteristics, which make them useful to histologists, nuclei are important biologically.

A double membrane, the nuclear membrane, separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm has been shown through electron microscopy to contain many well-organized structures, called organelles and inclusions. The inclusions contain food and secretory and pigment granules.

The cell membrane is the thin membrane which surrounds the cytoplasm. The cellular membrane contains lipid and protein molecules. The membrane also contains tiny holes, called pores. The cellular membrane prevents leakage of the inner cellular structures into the surrounding environment. Serving as a highly selective barrier, the membrane keeps certain unwanted substances from entering the cell but admits other substances that are necessary for maintaining cellular life.

Pinocytosis is the process of absorption of liquids through a cellular membrane. Phagocytosis refers to the process of ingestion or moving of solids through the cell membrane. Phagocytosis is a mechanism of defense against bacteria, or other harmful substances, since these substances are ingested by the cells that combat inflammation.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 5. Answer the questions to the text:

1. What is the role of the nucleus?

2. What is the function of the cellular membrane?

3. What is a mechanism of defense against bacteria?

4. How is each cell divided?

5. What is the nucleus surrounded by?

6. What separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm?

7. What does the cellular membrane contain?

Exercise 6. Arrange the sentences in order of their appearance in the text:

1. The inclusions contain food and secretory and pigment granules.

2. Structurally each of the cells is divided into two main parts...

3. Very frequently nuclei serve as the basis for diagnosing a pathologic process.

4. Phagocytosis is a mechanism of defense against bacteria...

5. A double membrane... separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

6. The cellular membrane contains lipid and protein molecules.

Exercise 7. Complete the sentences:

1. The inclusions contain food and secretory and....

2. Structurally, each of the cells is divided into two parts,....

3. Very frequently nuclei serve as the basis for diagnosing ....

4. A double membrane separates the nucleus from ....

5. The cellular membrane contains lipid and ....

6. Phagocytosis is a mechanism of defense against....

Exercise 8. Translate the sentences:

Структурно каждая клетка делится на 2 основные части.

Ядро- это большая сферическая структура, окруженная цитоплазмой.

Очень часто ядро является основой для диагностики патологического процесса.

Ядерная оболочка отделяет ядро от цитоплазмы.

Клеточная оболочка – это тонкая оболочка, окружающая цитоплазму.

Клеточная оболочка предотвращает утечку внутренних клеточных структур в окружающую среду.

Фагоцитоз – это механизм защиты от бактерий или других вредных веществ.

Exercise 9. Put questions to the underlined words:

The cell membrane is the thin membrane which surrounds the cytoplasm.

Pinocytosis is the process of absorption of liquids through a cellular membrane.

Very frequently nuclei serve as the basis for diagnosing a pathologic process.

The nuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

The inclusions contain food and secretory and pigment granules.

The cellular membrane prevents leakage of the inner cellular structures into the surrounding environment.

Exercise 10. Describe;

a) the structure of the cell.

b) the nucleus

c) the cytoplasm

d) the cell membrane

Exercise 11. Repeat the names of medical specialists:

Some of these words look so much alike that we often confuse them. See if you can get them straight. Here are some specialists with brief descriptions of their specialties. Check the one correct title that fits the description in each case.

1. He treats children's diseases.

a. He is an orthopaedist, b. He is a pediatrician, c. He is a pathologist.

2. He corrects deformities of the body.

a. He is a gynaecologist, b. He is an orthopaedist, c. He is a pathologist.

3. He straightens crooked teeth

a. He is an orthodontist, b. He is an orthopaedist, c. He is a pathologist.

4. He is a medical doctor who specializes in diseases of the eye.

a. He is an oculist, b. He is an optician, c. He is an orthopaedist.

5. He makes your eyeglasses.

a. He is an oculist, b. He is an orthopaedist, c. He is an optician.

6. He specializes in disorders of the mind.

a. He is an intern, b. He is a psychiatrist. c. He is a physiotherapist.

7. He treats diseases by electricity.

a. He is a pathologist, b. He is a physiotherapist, c. He is a psychologist.

8. His specialty is taking and interpreting X rays.

a. He is a gynaecologist, b. He is a neurologist, c. He is a radiologist.

9. He specializes in diseases of the nervous system.

a. He is a cardiologist. b. He is a dermatologist, c. He is a neurologist.

10. He treats diseases of old age.

a. He is a cardiologist. b. He is a geriatrician, c. He is a pediatrician.

11. He specializes in skin diseases.

a. He is a dermatologist, b. He is a geriatrician, c. He is a pathologist.

12. He treats women's diseases.

a. He is a dermatologist, b. He is a geriatrician, c. He is a gynaecologist.

13. He brings children into the world.

a. He is a gynaecologist. b. He is an obstetrician. c. He is a pediatrician.

TEST

1. The nucleus is surrounded by …

a. metachondrium

b. saline media

c. red blood cells

d. cytoplasm

e. white blood cells

2. The cytoplasm contains many well-organized structures called … and …

a. red and white blood cells

b. haemoglobin and ansinophils

c. water and lymph

d. organelles and inclusions

e. lipid and protein molecules

3. The cell membrane is the … membrane which surrounds the cytoplasm.

a. thick

b. wide

c. long

d. narrow

e. thin

4. The cellular membrane prevents … of the inner cellular structures into the surrounding environment.

a. rupture

b. damage

c. leakage

d. ingestion

e. moving

5. Structurally each of the cells is divided into …

a. one

b. two

c. three

d. four

e. five

6. The nucleus is a large, … structure.

a. round

b. square

c. triangular

d. spherical

e. comma-shaped

7. Very frequently nuclei … as the basis for diagnosing a pathologic process.

a. include

b. serve

c. form

d. have

e. take

8. The nuclear membrane separates the nucleus … the cytoplasm

a. at

b. to

c. by

d. between

e. from

9. Pinocytosis is the process of absorption of liquids … a cellular membrane.

a. in

b. trough

c. from

d. in

e. at

10. Phagocytosis is a mechanism of defence against … .

a. foreign bodies

b. enemies

c. bacteria

d. small animals

e. viruses

5 . S Y S T E M S O F T H E B O D Y

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

muscular ['mΛskjulə], circulatory ['sə:kjulətəri], digestive [di'dƷstiv] respiratory [ris'paiərətəri], urinary ['juərinəri], associate [ə'səu∫ieit], blood [blΛd], nitrogenous [ nai'trכdƷinəs], urethra[juə'ri:θrə], dioxide [dai'כrsaid]

Exercise 2. Topical vocabulary:

circulatory system - система кровообращения

digestive - пищеварительный

respiratory - дыхательный

reproductive - репродуктивная, связанная с размножением

processing - обработка

nutrients - питательные вещества

waste - продукты распада

to remove - удалять

to discharge - выделять

Exercise 3. Translate the following word combinations:

Reproductory system, digestive system, cellular wastes, spinal cord, all necessary means, blood stream, associated glands, nitrogenous wastes, throughout the body

Exercise 4. Translate into Russian paying attention to the Passive Voice:

The blood is pumped through the blood vessels.

Special substances required by cells are carried by the blood stream.

The urine is stored in the urinary bladder.

A large number of activities is regulated by the endocrine system.

The urine is discharged through the urethra.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text: