заполнителе.

Information-to-Swallow

A little history on the subject

The Assyrians and Babylonians used clay as the bonding sub­stance. The Egyptians used lime and gypsum cement. An analysis of ancient Egyptian pyramids has shown that concrete was employed in their construction.

Roman architects invented Roman concrete and used it in buildings where it could stand on its own and support a great deal of weight. The first use of concrete by the Romans was sometime after 273 ВС. Ancient Roman concrete was a mixture of lime mortar, pozzolana¹, water, and stones. The ancient builders placed this mixture in wooden frames where it hardened and bonded to a facing of stones or (more frequently) bricks. When the framework was removed, the new wall with a rough surface was very strong. This surface could be smoothed and faced with attractive stucco or thin panels of marble or other co­loured stones. Concrete construction proved to be more flexible and less costly than building solid stone buildings. The materials were readily available and not difficult to transport. The wooden frames could be used more than once, allowing builders to work quickly and efficiently.

The widespread use of concrete in many Roman structures has en­sured their survival to the present day. The Baths of Caracalla in Rome are just one example. Many Roman aqueducts and bridges have masonry cladding on a concrete core, as does the dome of the Pan­theon.

In 756, British engineer John Smeaton made the first modern con­crete by adding pebbles as a coarse aggregate and mixing powdered brick into the cement. In 1824, English inventor Joseph Aspdin in­vented the first true artificial cement — Portland cement by burning ground limestone and clay together. The burning process changed the chemical properties of the materials and stronger cement was created, which has remained the dominant cement used in concrete production.

* Pozzolana is a type of volcanic ash used for mortar or for cement that sets under water.

(1 600 п.зн.)

TEXT С

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

metal, major, structural, profile, specific, section, composition, me­chanical, regulate, corrosion, thermal, expansion, assembly, insula­tion, design, typically.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

structural framework — несущий каркас, каркасная конструкция;

external surface covering — облицовка;

metal alloy — металлический сплав;

structural building material — конструктивный строительный ма­териал;

chemical composition — химический состав;

carbon steel — углеродистая сталь;

high-strength low alloy steel — высокопрочная низколегированная сталь;

quenched steel — закалённая (при быстром охлаждении) сталь;

tempered steel — закалённая/отпущенная сталь;

thermal expansion — тепловое расширение;

structural integrity — конструктивная целостность;

external insulation — внешняя/наружная изоляция;

raw material prices — цены на сырьё.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

Building Materials (II)

Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering. There are many types of metals used for building. Steel is a metal alloy whose major com­ponent is iron, and is the usual choice for metal structural building materials. It is strong, flexible, and if refined and treated well, lasts a long time.

[Structural steel is steel construction material, a profile, formed with a specific shape or cross section and certain standards of chemical composition and mechanical properties.]⁰ Structural steel shape, size, composition, strength, storage, etc., is regulated in most industrialized countries. The standard commonly used structural steels are:

• carbon steels

• high-strength low alloy steels

• corrosion resistant high strength low alloy steels

• quenched and tempered alloy steels.

The properties of steel vary widely, depending on its alloying ele­ments. [Care must be taken to ensure that thermal expansion of struc­tural elements does not damage wall and floor assemblies of a build­ing.]⁰ When heated, steel expands and softens, eventually losing its structural integrity. Given enough energy, it can also melt. Structural steel requires external insulation (fireproofing) in order to prevent the steel from weakening in the event of fire. Heat transfer to the steel can be slowed by the use of fireproofing materials.

[As raw material prices fluctuate, often so does building design.]⁰ During times of lower steel prices, more steel and less concrete is used, and vice versa. However, both materials are typically used to­gether. While both steel structures and reinforced concrete cement structures have their pros and cons, the steel structures have better strength and can be easily dismantled. (1 480 п.зн.)

4. Переведите предложении письменно.

5. Прочитайте текст 'Glassmaking'.

Glassmaking is considered an art form as well as an industrial process or material. Glass is an amorphous, solid substance, an inor­ganic product of fusion which has been cooled through its transition to the, solid state without crystallising. Glasses are typically brittle, and often optically transparent. Clear windows have been used since the invention of glass to cover openings in a building.

Glass is generally made from mixtures of sand and silicates, in a very hot fire stove (a kiln). Very often additives are added to the mix­ture to produce glass with shades of colours or various characteristics (such as bulletproof or light emittance glass).

Glass plays an essential role in industry. The optical and physical properties of glass make it suitable for such applications as flat glass, container glass, optics and optoelectronics material, laboratory equip­ment, thermal insulator (glass wool), reinforcement fiber (glass- reinforced plastic, glass fiber reinforced concrete), and art.

The use of glass in architectural buildings has become very popular in the modern culture. Glass 'curtain walls' can be used to cover the entire facade of a building, or they can be used to span over a wide roof structure in a 'space frame'. These uses, though, require some sort of frame to hold sections of glass together, as glass is too brittle to span large areas by itself. (1 150 п.зн.)

6. Соедините фрагменты (ab), чтобы получить законченное вы­сказывание.

А.

• ... as glass is too brittle to span large areas by itself.

• ... is the usual choice for metal structural building materials.

• ...and certain standards of chemical composition and mechani­cal properties.

• ...which has been cooled through its transition to the solid state without crystallising.

• ...the steel structures have better strength and can be easily dismantled.

B.

• Glass is an amorphous, solid substance, an inorganic product of fusion ...

• While both steel structures and Reinforced concrete cement structures have their pros and cons, ...

• Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, and...

• These uses, though, require some sort of frame to hold sections of glass together, ...

• Structural steel is steel construction material, a profile, formed with a specific shape or cross section ...

7. Расскажите, как металл и стекло используются в строи­тельстве.

TEXT D

1. Выпишите из текста интернациональные слова (не менее 12).

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

plastic material — пластмасса, пластичный материал;

amorphous solid — аморфное твёрдое тело;

to improve performance — улучшать характеристики;

malleability— ковкость, тягучесть, податливость;

to extrude — прессовать, штамповать;

thermosetting polymer — термореактивный полимер;

glass transition temperature — температура стеклования;

resistance to smth — сопротивляемость чему-либо;

versatility — универсальность, гибкость;

imperviousness — непроницаемость, водонепроницаемость;

to release toxic fumes — испускать токсичный дым/испарения.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

The follow-on

A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi­synthetic organic amorphous solids used in the manufacture of indus­trial products. [The raw materials to make most plastics come from petroleum and natural gas.]° Plastics are typically polymers* of high molecular mass, and may contain other substances to improve per­formance and/or reduce costs. [It refers to their malleability (or plas­ticity) during manufacture that allows plastics to be cast, pressed, or extruded into a variety of shapes.]⁰

There are two types of plastics: thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers. Thermoplastics will soften and melt if enough heat is ap­plied. Thermosets can melt and take shape once; after they have soli­dified, they stay solid.

Plastics are classified by chemical structure, by qualities relevant for manufacturing or product design, by various physical properties, such as density, tensile strength, glass transition temperature, and resistance to chemical effect.

[Due to their relatively low cost, ease of manufacture, versatility, and imperviousness to water, plastics are used in an enormous and expanding range of products, from paper clips to spaceships.]⁰ They have already displaced many traditional materials, such as wood, stone, horn or bone, leather, paper, metal, glass, and ceramic, in most of their former uses.

[However, plastics are durable and resistant to natural processes of degradation; burning plastic can release toxic fumes or dioxin.]⁰ Al­so, the manufacturing of plastics often creates large quantities of chemical pollutants.

* Polymer is a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entire­ly of a large number of similar units bonded together (e.g. plastics and resins). (1 460 п.зн.)

4. Переведите предложения [...] письменно.

5. Расскажите об использовании пластиков в строительстве.

ТЕХТ Е

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

contain, pore, normally, compressive, produce, specialized, synthetic, combination, sandwich, composite, mastic, application, substrate, convert, film, pigment, granular, contribute, texture, classify, ultravio­let, proportion, inert, potential.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

to trap bubbles — удерживать/задерживать пузырьки; to extinguish fire — тушить пожар; cellular material — ячеистый материал; improved insulation — улучшенные изоляционные свойства; composite material— композиционный материал, композит; liquefiable— плавкий, растворимый, разжижаемый; opaque film — непрозрачная плёнка; pigment— пигмент, краситель;

granular solid — зернистое, гранулированное вещество;

filter — наполнитель (минеральный порошок); inert material — инертный (неактивный) материал; binder — связующее вещество;

to impart adhesion — придавать свойство прилипания.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

Foams

Part One

Foam is a substance that is formed by trapping many gaseous bub­bles in a liquid or solid. Liquid foams are used in extinguishing fires, especially oil fires. Solid foams form an important class of lightweight cellular engineering materials. These foams can be clas­sified into two types based on their pore structure: open cell structured foams and closed cell foams.

•

Open cell structured foams contain pores forming an intercon­nected network which is relatively soft. If filled with air, this foam could be a good insulator.

Closed cell foams do not have interconnected pores. [Normally, the closed cell foams have higher compressive strength due to their structures; they are also denser, require more material, and are more expensive to produce.]⁰ The closed cells can be filled with a specia­lized gas to provide improved insulation.

More recently synthetic foam has been used in combination with structural materials, such as concrete. [It is usually used as part of a structural insulated panel where the foam is sandwiched between wood and cement or insulated concrete forms where concrete is sand­wiched between two layers of foam.]° All types of foam are also used as core material in sandwich structured composite materials. (1 050 п.зн.)

Paints

Part Two

[Paints is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition which after application to a substrate² in a thin layer is converted to an opaque solid film. ]⁰ Cave paintings drawn with red and yellow ochre, hema­tite, manganese oxide, and charcoal may have been made by early Homo sapiens as long as 40,000 years ago.

|Pigments are granular solids incorporated into the paint to contri­bute colour, toughness, texture or simply to reduce the cost of the paint.]⁰ They can be classified as either natural or synthetic types. Hiding pigments, in making paint opaque, protect the substrate from the harmful effects of ultraviolet light.

[Fillers are a special type of pigment that serves to thicken the film, support its structure and just increase the volume of the paint.]⁰ Fillers are usually made of cheap and inert materials, such as earth, talc, lime, clay, etc. Some paints contain large proportions of pig­ment/filler and binder.

[Binder, commonly referred to as vehicle, is the actual film form­ing component of paint.]⁰ It is the only component that must be present; other components are included optionally, depending on the desired properties of the cured film. [The binder imparts adhesion, binds the pigments together, and strongly influences such properties as gloss potential, exterior durability, flexibility, and toughness.]⁰

Paint can be applied as a solid, a gaseous suspension (aerosol), or a liquid. Techniques vary depending on the practical results desired. As a solid, the paint is applied as a very fine powder, and then baked at high temperature. This melts the powder and causes it to stick to the surface. In the liquid application, paint is applied directly using brush­es, paint rollers, blades, etc. Paint application by spray is the most popular method in industry.

*Substrate is a substance or layer that underlies something, or on which some process occurs. (1 600 п.зн.)

4. Переведите предложения [...]0 письменно.

5. Закончите предложения по темам.

• Foam is a substance...

• Open cell structured foams...

• Closed cell foams...

• More recently synthetic foam has been used...

• It is usually used as part of a structural insulated panel where the foam...

• Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition...

• Pigments are granular solids incorporated into...

• Fillers are a special type of pigment that serves...

• Binder is the actual...

• As a solid, the paint is applied...

TEXT F

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

ceramic, stick, calcium, silicate, press, mix, consistency, hydraulic, tunnel, organic, start, accurate, method, cable, wall, perforation, quartz, colourant, hydrate, autoclave, uniform, atmosphere, reflect, origin, correct, absorption.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

masonry construction — конструкция из каменной кладки;

shale — глинистый сланец, сланцеватая глина;

soft slate — мягкий сланец;

calcium silicate — силикат кальция;

quarried stone — бутовый/рваный камень;

shrinkage — усадка/усушка, усадочная деформация;

steel mould — мульда, (литейная) форма;

tunnel kiln — туннельная печь для обжига/сушки;

extruded brick — кирпич, изготовленный на ленточном прессе;

wall of wires — резательный аппарат, отрезной станок;

perforation — перфорирование, выдавливание;

crushed flint — дроблённая галька, кремень;

mineral colourant— минеральный краситель;

firing temperature — температура обжига;

surface texture — текстура/фактура поверхности;

thermal and moisture movement — характеристики (кирпича) при

воздействии температур и влаги.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

Brick Part One

A brick is a block of ceramic material used in masonry construc- - tion with various kinds of mortar to stick the items together. Brick has been widely used for building purposes throughout human history, and is being largely used nowadays.

[Bricks may be made from clay, shale, soft slate, calcium silicate, concrete, or shaped from quarried stone.]⁰ Clay is the most common material, with modern clay bricks formed in one of three processes — soft mud, dry press, or extruded.

The soft mud method is the most common, as it is the most eco­nomical. [It starts with the raw clay in a mix with 25-30% sand to re­duce shrinkage.]⁰ The clay is first ground and mixed with water to the desired consistency. The clay is then pressed into steel moulds with a hydraulic press. The shaped clay is then fired ('burned'') at 900- 1000°C to achieve strength.

In modem brickwork this is usually done in a fired tunnel kiln, in which the bricks move slowly through the kiln on conveyors, rails, or kiln cars. The bricks often are added lime, ash, and organic matter to speed the burning.

The dry press method is similar to mud brick but starts with a much thicker clay mix, so it forms more accurate, sharper-edged bricks. The greater force in pressing and the longer burn make this method more expensive.

With extruded bricks the clay is mixed with 10-15% water (stiff extrusion) or 20-25% water (soft extrusion). [This is forced through a die to create a long cable of material of the proper width and depth.]⁰ The material is then cut into bricks of the desired length by a wall of wires. [Most structural bricks are made by this method, as hard dense bricks result, and holes or other perforations can be produced by the die.]° The introduction of holes reduces the needed volume of clay through the whole process, with the reduction in cost as well. The bricks are lighter and easier to handle, and have thermal properties different from solid bricks. The cut bricks are hardened by drying for between 20 and 40 hours at 50-150°C before being fired. (1 700 п.зн.)

Part Two

[The raw materials for calcium silicate bricks include lime mixed with quartz, crushed flint or crushed siliceous rock together with mineral colourants.]° The materials are mixed and left until the lime is completely hydrated. The mixture is then pressed into moulds and cured in an autoclave* for two or three hours to speed the chemical hardening. The finished bricks are very accurate and uniform and can be made in a variety of colours, white is common.

[The fired colour of clay bricks is influenced by the chemical and mineral content of raw materials, the firing temperature, and the at­mosphere in the kiln.]° Calcium silicate bricks have a wider range of shades and colours, depending on the colourants used. The names of bricks may reflect their origin and colour.

Bricks may also be classified as solid (less than 25% perforations by volume on one of the longer faces), perforated (containing a pat­tern of small holes through the brick removing no more than 25% of the volume), cellular (containing a pattern of holes removing more than 20% of the volume, but closed on one face), or hollow (contain­ing a pattern of large holes removing more than 25% of the brick's volume).

[The correct brick for a job can be picked from a choice of colour, surface texture, density, weight, absorption and pore structure, ther­mal characteristics, thermal and moisture movement, and fire resis­tance.]⁰

* Autoclave is a strong, heated container used for chemical reactions and other processes using high pressures and temperatures. (1 300 п.зн.)

4. Переведите предложения письменно.

5. Ответьте на вопросы.

• What are bricks composed of?

• What processes of brick formation do you know?

• Which of the production methods is the most economical?

• How are extruded bricks made?

• How is calcium silicate bricks processed?

• What does the colour of the bricks depend on?

• How can be bricks classified due to the perforations produced?

  6. Закончите предложения.

• Bricks may be made from...

• The soft mud method is...

• The dry press method is similar to ...

• Extruded bricks are made from...

• The raw materials for calcium silicate bricks include...

• The fired colour of clay bricks is influenced by...

• Bricks may also be classified as...

Ответьте на вопрос:

What should be taken into consideration while selecting a necessary type of bricks for construction?

8. Переведите текст устно. То sum up

Modern building is a huge industry, and the use of building materials is typically segmented into specific trades, such as carpentry, plumb­ing, roofing, insulation work, etc. The manufacture of building mate­rials as well as production and harvesting of raw materials for build­ing purposes is on a world large scale (often being a primary govern­mental and trade key point between nations). Environmental con­cerns are becoming a major world topic considering the availability and sustainability of certain materials, and the extraction of such large quantities needed for the human habitat. (500 п.зн.)

8. Передайте содержание текста в трёх предложениях.

• ♦ Подготовьте презентацию по теме 'Building Materials'.

Словарь к Разделу IV

• absorption — абсорбция, поглощение;

• additive — добавка, присадка, примесь;

• aggregate — агрегат, заполнитель;

• amorphous solid — аморфное твёрдое тело;

• anhydrous powder substance — безводное порошкообразное вещество;

• aqueduct — акведук, мост-водовод;

• artificial — искусственный, синтетический;

• availability — наличие, доступность, возможность использова­ния;

• bar — брус, балка;

• beam — балка, брус, прогон;

• bedrock deposit — месторождение/залежь материковой поро­ды;

• belt conveyor — ленточный конвейер/транспортёр;

• to bind (bound) — связываться, схватываться, затвердевать;

• binder — связующее вещество;

• blast furnace slag — печной доменный шлак;

• blasting method — метод наружных зарядов;

• bonding — соединение, сцепление;

• bottom ash — шлак, зольный остаток;

• breakwater — волнорез, мол;

• brick — кирпич;

• brittle — ломкий, хрупкий;

• bubble — пузырёк (воздуха или газа);

• bulletproof— пуленепробиваемый;

• cable — зд. лента;

• calcium silicate — силикат кальция;

• capital-intensive — капиталоёмкий, дорогостоящий;

• carbon steel — углеродистая сталь;

• carpentry — плотничье дело;

• to cast — лить, отливать;

• to categorize — распределять по категориям, классифициро­вать;

• cell—ячейка;

• cellular material — ячеистый материал;

• cementitious — цементирующий, вяжущий;

• charcoal — древесный уголь;

• chemical admixture — химическая добавка;

• chemical composition — химический состав;

• clay — глина;

• cleavable — колкий, легко раскалываемый;

• clinker — клинкер, спекшийся материал;

• coarse — крупный, крупнозернистый;

• colourant— краситель, красящее вещество;

• to come along — сопровождать, идти;

• commonly — обычно, как правило;

• competent — походящий, достаточный;

• composite material — композиционный материал, композит;

• compressive stress — напряжение на сжатие;

• concern — проблема, вопрос, требующий решения;

• concrete delivery truck — машина для доставки бетона;

• to conserve resources — сберегать ресурсы;

• consistency — консистенция, степень плотности;

• construction purpose — цель строительства;

• content — содержание, состав;

• to convert — трансформировать, превращать;

• core — ядро, стержень;

• corrosion — коррозия, окисление, ржавчина;

• to counteract— противодействовать;

• to crush — давить, дробить, толочь;

• crushed flint — дроблённая галька, кремень;

• to cure — отверждаться;

• curtain wall — ненесущая (наружная) стена;

• to deliver — доставлять, развозить;

• demolition — разборка, снос (здания);

• die — штамп, матрица;

• to dismantle — разбирать, демонтировать;

• to distribute — распределять, рассредоточивать;

• dome— величественное здание;

• dominant— господствующий, основной, доминирующий;

• to dry — сушить, высушивать;

• dry press — пресс полусухого прессования;

• earth-moving equipment — оборудование для землеройных работ;

• to eliminate — устранять, исключать;

• emittance — излучательная способность;

• to employ — употреблять, применять, использовать;

• to entrain — захватывать (воздух, жидкость);

• eventually — в конечном счёте, в итоге;

• to expand— расширяться, увеличиваться (в размерах);

• expensive — дорогой, дорогостоящий;

• extender — наполнитель, добавка;

• external insulation — внешняя/наружная изоляция;

• external surface соvering — облицовка;

• to extinguish fire — тушить пожар;

• extraction — добывание, извлечение;

• to extrude — прессовать, штамповать;

• extruded brick — кирпич, изготовленный на ленточном прессе;

• extrusion — прессование выдавливанием;

• facade — фасад (здания);

• fiber — волокно;

• fibrous plant — волокнистое растение;

• filler— наполнитель (минеральный порошок);

• film — пленка, тонкий слой;

• fine aggregate — мелкий заполнитель;

• finish — отделка, отделочное покрытие;

• fire resistance — огнестойкость;

• firing temperature — температура обжига;

• flexible — гибкий, податливый, эластичный;

• flint— кремень, тонкозернистая кремнистая порода;

• to fluctuate — быть неустойчивым, меняться, колебаться;

• fly ash — летучая зола, зольная пыль;

• frame — рама, каркас;

• framework — рамная конструкция, каркас

• functional extension — функциональный ряд;

• fusion — плавка, плавление;

• to gain — добывать, зарабатывать, добиваться;

• gaseous — газообразный, газовый;

• glass transition temperature — температура стеклования;

• glass wool — стекловата;

• gloss — глянец, лоск;

• to glue — клеить, приклеивать;

• granular solid — зернистое, гранулированное вещество;

• to grind (ground) — измельчать, молоть, дробить, растирать;

• harbour— гавань, порт;

• hardening — отвердевание, затвердевание;

• to harvest — собирать урожай, делать заготовки;

• hematite — гематит, красный железняк;

• hiding pigment — пигмент с хорошей укрывистостыо;

• high-strength low alloy steel — высокопрочная низколегиро­ванная сталь;

• hollow — пустой, полый;

• horn — рог;

• to hydrate — гидратизировать, гидратировать;

• hydration — гидратация, гидратирование;

• hydraulic render — гидравлический (затвердевающий в воде) нижний слой штукатурки;

• to impart adhesion —- придавать свойство прилипания;

• imperviousness — непроницаемость, водонепроницаемость;

• to improve performance — улучшать характеристики;

• improved insulation — улучшенные изоляционные свойства;

• industrial setting — промышленная установка;

• inert material — инертный (неактивный) материал;

• insulator — диэлектрик, изоляционный материал;

• interconnected — взаимосвязанный, соединённый;

• iron — железо, чёрный металл (железо, сталь, чугун);

• ironwork — изделие из железа, металлическая конструкция;

• key point — стратегически важный, ключевой пункт, ориен­тир;

• to last — длиться, сохраняться, выдерживать;

• layer — слой, пласт, прослойка;

• leather — кожа (выделанная);

• lime — известь;

• liquefiable— плавкий, растворимый, разжижаемый;

• load bearing element — несущий элемент (конструкции);

• lumber — пиломатериал;

• major — более важный, значительный, главный;

• malleability — ковкость, тягучесть, податливость;

• manganese oxide — оксид марганца;

• manufactured aggregate — промышленный/фабричный запол­нитель;

• marble — мрамор;

• masonry cladding — плакирование, обшивка с помощью ка­менной кладки;

• masonry construction — конструкция из каменной кладки;

• mass concrete structure — конструкция из монолитного бето­на;

• mastic — мастичный, вязкий;

• to melt — таять, плавиться, растапливаться, растворяться;

• metal alloy — металлический сплав;

• mineral colourant — минеральный краситель;

• mixture— смесь, смешивание;

• mortar— известковый, строительный раствор;

• network — сеть, сетка;

• obtainable — достижимый, доступный;

• ochre — охра;

• opaque film — непрозрачная плёнка;

• to optimize — оптимизировать;

• optionally — необязательно, по выбору;

• partial replacement — частичная замена;

• particulate material — зернистый материал;

• paste — паста, мастика, густотёртая краска;

• pebble — булыжник, галька, мелкий щебень;

• perforation — перфорирование, выдавливание;

• perlite — перлит, вулканическое стекло;

• petroleum — нефть;

• pigment — пигмент, краситель;

• plain concrete mix — обычная бетонная смесь;

• plaster — штукатурка;

• plastic material — пластмасса, пластичный материал;

• plumbing — водопроводное дело, слесарные работы;

• pollutant — загрязняющее вещество, агент;

• роrе — пора;

• to pour — лить, наливать;

• pozzolana — пуццолан, вулканический туф;

• predictable — предвидимый, прогнозируемый;

• predominant material— преобладающий материал;

• prestressed — предварительно напряжённый;

• to process — подвергать процессу, обрабатывать;

• profile — сортовой прокат, стальной профиль;

• pros and cons — (лат.) доводы за и против;

• pumice — пемза, пористый вулканический материал;

• quarried stone — бутовый/рваный камень;

• quarry — каменоломня, открытая разработка, карьер;

• quartz — кварц (эталонный твёрдый минерал);

• quenched steel — закалённая (при быстром охлаждении) сталь;

• raw material prices — цены на сырьё;

• readily — легко, без труда;

• recycled — повторно используемый;

• to reduce weight — уменьшать вес;

• to refine — очищать (от примесей);

• to reinforce — укреплять, усиливать, армировать;

• to release toxic fumes — испускать токсичный дым/испарения;

• render — трёхслойная штукатурка;

• resistance to smth — сопротивляемость чему-либо;

• roofing — кровельные работы;

• rough — грубый, неровный;

to sag down — провисать, прогибаться; sand — песок, формовочная смесь;

to sandwich — помещать посередине, вставлять, втискивать;

• sedimentary — осадочный;

shale — глинистый сланец, сланцеватая глина;

shrinkage — усадка/усушка, усадочная деформация;

• silicate — силикат, соль кремниевой кислоты;

siliceous rock — горная порода, содержащая кремний;

• silicon — кремний;

• similar — подобный, схожий;

slab — плита, панель перекрытия, пол (бетонный); slag — шлак;

soft mud — пластичная керамическая масса;

soft slate — мягкий сланец;

• to soften — размягчать, смягчать;

to solidify — твердеть, затвердевать, густеть, застывать;

source — источник, начало, происхождение;

to span (over) — охватывать, простираться, перекрывать;

specialty aggregate — специализированный заполнитель;

steel mould — мульда, (литейная) форма;

• to stick (stuck) — липнуть, приклеиваться;

• stove — печь, сушильная печь, сушильная камера;

• structural building material — конструктивный строительный материал;

• structural framework — несущий каркас, каркасная конструк­ция;

• structural integrity — конструктивная целостность;

• stucco — наружная штукатурка, штукатурный раствор для наружных работ;

• to be subjected to — подвергаться (воздействию, влиянию);

• suitable — подходящий, соответствующий, годный;

• superior — лучший, более совершенный, превосходящий;

• surface texture — текстура/фактура поверхности;

• survival — выживаемость, выживание, жизнеспособность;

• to tailor — приспосабливать, подгонять, пригонять;

• talc — тальк;

• tempered steel — закалённая/отпущенная сталь;

• tendon — преднапряжённая арматура, арматурная прядь/пучок;

• tensile stress — растягивающее напряжение;

• thermal and moisture movement — характеристики (кирпича) при воздействии температур и влаги;

• thermal expansion — тепловое расширение;

• thermosetting polymer — термореактивный полимер;

• to thicken — сгущать, наращивать (толщину), загустевать;

• toughness — вязкость, ударная вязкость, тягучесть, плотность;

• trade — занятие, ремесло, профессия;

• transparent — прозрачный, просвечивающий, светопроницае­мый;

• transportation ease — лёгкость/простота транспортировки;

• to trap bubbles — удерживать/задерживать пузырьки;

• to treat — подвергать обработке, обрабатывать, очищать;

• tunnel kiln — туннельная печь для обжига/сушки;

• twig — прут;

• uniform — единообразный, одинаковый;

• uniform properties — неизменные/постоянные свойства;

• variety — разнообразие, ряд, множество;

• to vary proportions — менять пропорции;

• vermiculite — вермикулит (минерал, используемый в составе композитных строительных материалов);

• versatility — универсальность, гибкость;

• vice versa — (лат.) наоборот, обратно, противоположно;

• void — пустота, пора, полость, карман;

• wall of wires — резательный аппарат, отрезной станок;

• to weaken — ослаблять обеднять, разупрочнять;

• to weld — сваривать(ся), сцепляться;

• widespread use — широкое использование.

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