
- •Unit 1 polluting our environment. Text
- •1. Read the text attentively. Try to understand all details. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •Vocabulary and comprehension
- •6. Find Ukrainian equivalents in b to the following English word combinations in a.
- •7. Find in the text and write down the definitions of the following words.
- •Grammar study Неособові форми дієслова (Non-finite forms of the verb)
- •Дієприкметник (The Participle)
- •Форми дієприкметників
- •Функції дієприкметників в реченні
- •Значення та вживання Present Participle (Participle і)
- •Значення та вживання Past Participle
- •Exercises.
- •1. Read, translate and discuss the following text. Cutting evolution down to our size
- •Vocabulary and comprehension
- •2. Translate the following words using a dictionary:
- •3. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following word-combinations:
- •4. Translate the words in the brackets into English:
- •5. What is the thesis statement (the main idea to get across to a reader) of the article?
- •6. Comment on the following:
- •1. Read, translate and comment on the following dialogue:
- •Vocabulary and comprehension
- •Natural indicators of pollution
- •7. Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the text:
- •8. Home Assignment. Prepare a five-minute-long paper based on the material of Unit 1 and your home reading and present it at the conference in your group. Work on the recommendations given below:
- •9. Get familiarized with some clever phrases on the environmental issues.
- •Exercises.
- •Іменникові властивості герундія
- •Вживання герундія
- •Комплекси з герундієм (Complexes with the gerund)
- •Герундій і віддієслівний іменник
- •Переклад герундія українською мовою
- •Exercises.
- •7. Express the same idea by using the Indefinite Gerund Passive:
- •8. Use the Perfect Gerund Active and Passive accordingly with the expressions listed in Ex. 7:
- •9. Translate the following sentences. State the functions of the gerunds and verbal nouns in the sentences.
- •10. State whether the word in bold type is a gerund or a participle and translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
- •11. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
- •12. Replace the clauses by gerundial constructions according to the model:
- •13. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian, paying attention to gerundial constructions:
- •1. Read the following text and carry out assignments given below it. The water cycle
- •Vocabulary and comprehension
- •A vital role of dissolved oxygen
- •2. Make a plan of the text. Discuss the text according to the plan.
- •3. Retell the text in short according to your own plan. Text
- •1. Read the text attentively. Try to understand all details. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •Spills: how we polute the sea
- •How do we control pollution?
- •How does a lake die?
- •Ocean life under sentence of death
- •2. Give the main idea of the text.
- •3. Say which are the major sources of air and sea pollution.
- •4. Retell the text as if you were a representative of the secretariat of the United Nations.
- •Exercises
- •1. Translate the sentences with Infinitives used as
- •2. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the Passive Infinitive:
- •3. State the forms and functions of the Infinitives and translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
- •4. Translate the sentences with Modal verbs with Perfect Infinitives:
- •5. Complete the following sentences:
- •6. State the functions of the Infinitives and translate the following sentences:
- •1. Read, translate and comment on the following dialogue: water and health
- •Words and word combinations to be remembered
- •2. Work in pairs. Read the dialogue several times until you are quite fluent.
- •3. Compose a similar dialogue. Speak on the topic: The main sources of water pollution. Text
- •1. Read the following text and entitle it.
- •2. Discuss the text. Topics for discussion:
- •1. Read the following text for more information on water. How do we check the quality of our water?
- •Words to be remembered
- •Об’єктний інфінітивний комплекс (The Objective Infinitive Complex)
- •Exercises
- •1. Find the Objective Infinitive Complex in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •2. Transform the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Objective Infinitive Complex according to the model:
- •3. Transform the following sentences with the Objective Infinitive Complex into complex sentences according to the model:
- •4. Translate into Ukrainian the following sentences with the Objective Infinitive Complex:
- •1. Read and translate the following text. Water treatment
- •Vocabulary and comprehension
- •2. Restore the dialogue.
- •Суб’єктний інфінітивний комплекс (The Subjective Infinitive Complex)
- •Exercises
- •1. Paraphrase the following sentences replacing the Subjective Infinitive Complex by subordinate clauses:
- •2. Paraphrase the following sentences replacing the subordinate clauses by the Subjective Infinitive Complex.
- •3. Translate into Ukrainian the following sentences with the Subjective Infinitive Complex:
- •Unit 3 air pollution Text
- •1. Read the text attentively. Try to understand all details. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •Carbon pollutants
- •Carbon monoxide
- •Carbon dioxide
- •2. Make sure if you remember the meaning of the following words. Consult a dictionary if necessary:
- •3. Answer the questions:
- •Складнопідрядне речення (The complex sentence)
- •Exercises
- •1. Read, study and remember the following conditional sentences, paying attention to their structure and translation.
- •2. Combine the following pairs of sentences according to the model:
- •3. Change the sentences according to the model:
- •If the experiment were interesting, I should carry it out.
- •4. Change the sentences according to the model:
- •5. Complete the following sentences according to the models:
- •6. Analyse the Adverbial Clauses of Condition. Open the brackets use the correct verb forms.
- •7. Define the types of conditional clauses in the following complex sentences. Translate them into Ukrainian:
- •8. Translate in written form the following texts into Ukrainian, mind the Conditional sentences:
- •1. Look through the following text and find the answers to the given questions:
- •Sulphur dioxide
- •Acid rain
- •What can be done about it?
- •2. Make sure if you remember the meaning of the following words. Consult a dictionary if necessary:
- •3. Answer the questions:
- •Do you think “acid rain” is a good term to use to describe what is causing the damage to lakes and trees? Give reasons for your answers. Unit 4 land pollution Text
- •1. Read text a attentively. Try to understand all details. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •Agricultural pollution
- •6. Read the following text for more information about phosphorus compounds. Dictionaries are allowed.
- •Умовний спосіб дієслова (the Subjunctive Mood)
- •Exercises
- •1. Make up sentences according to the models:
- •2. Open the brackets using the correct verb forms:
- •3. Translate the following sentences. Find the sentences where the Subjunctive Mood is used:
- •4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood and Adverbial Clauses of Condition:
- •5. Translate the following text paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood:
- •1. Read the text attentively. Try to understand all details. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •Is man a pest?
- •2. Find the meanings of the following words in the dictionary and try to remember them:
- •3. Words and expressions for the text comprehension:
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •5. Translate the following text without using a dictionary: why do we spray our farmland?
- •6. Answer the following questions:
- •7. Describe some of the effects of spraying the land with pesticides.
- •8. Read an extract from the newspaper article and answer the questions: harvesting poison in colombia
- •9. What do you think?
- •10. Work in pairs. Read, translate and comment on the following dialogue: soil pollution
- •15. Prepare and present a talk on soil pollution. Additional texts for home reading toxic shocker
- •Noise pollution
- •What does mankind bring to the nature?
- •Keeping our environment clean
- •Recycling
- •Список використаної літератури:
- •Укладач
2. Restore the dialogue.
Teacher We are going to discuss the problem of the Lybid pollution. The first question is____________________________________________________?
Student 1 I think that main sources of the pollution are detergents.
Student 2 In my opinion the most serious pollutants are dead plants and animals.
Student 3 I disagree. I believe that _________________________________ .
Teacher Yes, you are quite right. The main sources of the pollution are indeed industrial wastes and municipal sewage.
Student 2 What are the ways to improve the situation?
Teacher _____________________________________________________?
Student 1 Yes, sure, I can answer the question. Industry must stop dumping wastes and the city authorities must filter municipal sewage better.
Teacher Yes, I fully agree with you. Thank you everybody for participation and let’s hope for the best.
GRAMMAR STUDY
Суб’єктний інфінітивний комплекс (The Subjective Infinitive Complex)
Якщо речення We saw him run to the train (Ми бачили, як він біг до поїзда), до складу якого входить Complex Object, перетворити на пасивне – He was seen to run to the train (Бачили, як він біг до поїзда), то інфінітив to run виражатиме дію, яку виконує особа, позначена займенником he. Отже, he і to run утворють синтаксичний комплекс, який називається суб’єктним інфінітивним комплексом (subjective infinitive complex).
Subjective Infinitive Complex складається з двох частин. Перша частина комплексу – іменник у загальному відмінку або особовий займенник у назизивному відмінку. Друга частина комплексу – інфінітив, що виражає дію, яку виконує або якої зазнає особа або предмет, позначений іменником або займенником.
Особливостю Subjective Infinitive Complex є те, що перша і друга його частини відокремлені одна від одної присудком речення ( в наведеному прикладі was seen).
Subjective Infinitive Complex вживається з певними групами дієслів.
1) Subjective Infinitive Complex вживається з дієсловами to say говорити і to report повідомляти у пасивному стані:
He is said to write a new novel. – Кажуть, що він пише новий роман.
The delegation is reported to have arrived in London. – Повідомляють, що делегація прибула до Лондона.
2) Subjective Infinitive Complex вживається з дієсловами (в пасивному стані), що означають думку (погляд), припущення, сподівання: to think думати; to know знати; to consider вважати; to believe вірити; to suppose припускати; to expect сподіватися та ін.: The meeting is expected to begin this morning. – Сподіваються, що збори почнуться сьогодні вранці.
I was supposed to meet him. – Передбачалося, що я зустріну його.
3) Subjective Infinitive Complex вживається з дієсловами (в пасивному стані), що виражають сприймання за допомогою органів чуттів – to see, to hear, to feel, to notice, to observe, to watch:
Birds were heard to sing in the garden. – Було чути, як співають пташки у саду.
4) Subjective Infinitive Complex вживається з дієсловами (в пасивному стані), що виражають наказ, прохання, дозвіл, примус: to order наказувати; to ask, to request просити; to allow, to permit дозволяти; to make, to cause, to force примушувати:
They were ordered to leave the hall. – Їм наказали залишити зал.
He was made to put on his coat. – Його примусили надягнути пальто.
5) Subjective Infinitive Complex вживається з дієсловами to seem, to appear здаватися; to happen, to chance траплятися; to turn out, to prove виявлятися:
She seemed to be thinking about this. – Здавалося, що вона думає про це.
6) Subjective Infinitive Complex вживається з словосполученнями to be sure, to be certain, to be likely, to be unlikely:
We are not likely to meet often. – Навряд чи нам доведеться часто зустрічатися.
He is certain to be sleeping. – Він, напевно, зараз спить.
Речення з суб’єктним інфінітивним комплексом на українську мову перекладаються здебільшого складнопідрядними реченнями. Переклад слід починати з присудка, який в українській мові перетворюється на неозначено-особове або безособове речення.
His father is said to work at this plant. – Кажуть, що його батько працює на цьому заводі.
Речення з дієсловом-присудком, що означає наказ, прохання, дозвіл, примус а також з дієсловами to consider, to believe, to think перекладаються на українську мову простими неозначено-особовими або безособовими реченнями, а інколи й простими особовими реченнями:
The pupils were allowed to use dictionaries. – Учням дозволили (дозволялося) користуватися словниками.