
- •Unit 1 polluting our environment. Text
- •1. Read the text attentively. Try to understand all details. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •Vocabulary and comprehension
- •6. Find Ukrainian equivalents in b to the following English word combinations in a.
- •7. Find in the text and write down the definitions of the following words.
- •Grammar study Неособові форми дієслова (Non-finite forms of the verb)
- •Дієприкметник (The Participle)
- •Форми дієприкметників
- •Функції дієприкметників в реченні
- •Значення та вживання Present Participle (Participle і)
- •Значення та вживання Past Participle
- •Exercises.
- •1. Read, translate and discuss the following text. Cutting evolution down to our size
- •Vocabulary and comprehension
- •2. Translate the following words using a dictionary:
- •3. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following word-combinations:
- •4. Translate the words in the brackets into English:
- •5. What is the thesis statement (the main idea to get across to a reader) of the article?
- •6. Comment on the following:
- •1. Read, translate and comment on the following dialogue:
- •Vocabulary and comprehension
- •Natural indicators of pollution
- •7. Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the text:
- •8. Home Assignment. Prepare a five-minute-long paper based on the material of Unit 1 and your home reading and present it at the conference in your group. Work on the recommendations given below:
- •9. Get familiarized with some clever phrases on the environmental issues.
- •Exercises.
- •Іменникові властивості герундія
- •Вживання герундія
- •Комплекси з герундієм (Complexes with the gerund)
- •Герундій і віддієслівний іменник
- •Переклад герундія українською мовою
- •Exercises.
- •7. Express the same idea by using the Indefinite Gerund Passive:
- •8. Use the Perfect Gerund Active and Passive accordingly with the expressions listed in Ex. 7:
- •9. Translate the following sentences. State the functions of the gerunds and verbal nouns in the sentences.
- •10. State whether the word in bold type is a gerund or a participle and translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
- •11. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
- •12. Replace the clauses by gerundial constructions according to the model:
- •13. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian, paying attention to gerundial constructions:
- •1. Read the following text and carry out assignments given below it. The water cycle
- •Vocabulary and comprehension
- •A vital role of dissolved oxygen
- •2. Make a plan of the text. Discuss the text according to the plan.
- •3. Retell the text in short according to your own plan. Text
- •1. Read the text attentively. Try to understand all details. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •Spills: how we polute the sea
- •How do we control pollution?
- •How does a lake die?
- •Ocean life under sentence of death
- •2. Give the main idea of the text.
- •3. Say which are the major sources of air and sea pollution.
- •4. Retell the text as if you were a representative of the secretariat of the United Nations.
- •Exercises
- •1. Translate the sentences with Infinitives used as
- •2. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the Passive Infinitive:
- •3. State the forms and functions of the Infinitives and translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
- •4. Translate the sentences with Modal verbs with Perfect Infinitives:
- •5. Complete the following sentences:
- •6. State the functions of the Infinitives and translate the following sentences:
- •1. Read, translate and comment on the following dialogue: water and health
- •Words and word combinations to be remembered
- •2. Work in pairs. Read the dialogue several times until you are quite fluent.
- •3. Compose a similar dialogue. Speak on the topic: The main sources of water pollution. Text
- •1. Read the following text and entitle it.
- •2. Discuss the text. Topics for discussion:
- •1. Read the following text for more information on water. How do we check the quality of our water?
- •Words to be remembered
- •Об’єктний інфінітивний комплекс (The Objective Infinitive Complex)
- •Exercises
- •1. Find the Objective Infinitive Complex in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •2. Transform the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Objective Infinitive Complex according to the model:
- •3. Transform the following sentences with the Objective Infinitive Complex into complex sentences according to the model:
- •4. Translate into Ukrainian the following sentences with the Objective Infinitive Complex:
- •1. Read and translate the following text. Water treatment
- •Vocabulary and comprehension
- •2. Restore the dialogue.
- •Суб’єктний інфінітивний комплекс (The Subjective Infinitive Complex)
- •Exercises
- •1. Paraphrase the following sentences replacing the Subjective Infinitive Complex by subordinate clauses:
- •2. Paraphrase the following sentences replacing the subordinate clauses by the Subjective Infinitive Complex.
- •3. Translate into Ukrainian the following sentences with the Subjective Infinitive Complex:
- •Unit 3 air pollution Text
- •1. Read the text attentively. Try to understand all details. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •Carbon pollutants
- •Carbon monoxide
- •Carbon dioxide
- •2. Make sure if you remember the meaning of the following words. Consult a dictionary if necessary:
- •3. Answer the questions:
- •Складнопідрядне речення (The complex sentence)
- •Exercises
- •1. Read, study and remember the following conditional sentences, paying attention to their structure and translation.
- •2. Combine the following pairs of sentences according to the model:
- •3. Change the sentences according to the model:
- •If the experiment were interesting, I should carry it out.
- •4. Change the sentences according to the model:
- •5. Complete the following sentences according to the models:
- •6. Analyse the Adverbial Clauses of Condition. Open the brackets use the correct verb forms.
- •7. Define the types of conditional clauses in the following complex sentences. Translate them into Ukrainian:
- •8. Translate in written form the following texts into Ukrainian, mind the Conditional sentences:
- •1. Look through the following text and find the answers to the given questions:
- •Sulphur dioxide
- •Acid rain
- •What can be done about it?
- •2. Make sure if you remember the meaning of the following words. Consult a dictionary if necessary:
- •3. Answer the questions:
- •Do you think “acid rain” is a good term to use to describe what is causing the damage to lakes and trees? Give reasons for your answers. Unit 4 land pollution Text
- •1. Read text a attentively. Try to understand all details. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •Agricultural pollution
- •6. Read the following text for more information about phosphorus compounds. Dictionaries are allowed.
- •Умовний спосіб дієслова (the Subjunctive Mood)
- •Exercises
- •1. Make up sentences according to the models:
- •2. Open the brackets using the correct verb forms:
- •3. Translate the following sentences. Find the sentences where the Subjunctive Mood is used:
- •4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood and Adverbial Clauses of Condition:
- •5. Translate the following text paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood:
- •1. Read the text attentively. Try to understand all details. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •Is man a pest?
- •2. Find the meanings of the following words in the dictionary and try to remember them:
- •3. Words and expressions for the text comprehension:
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •5. Translate the following text without using a dictionary: why do we spray our farmland?
- •6. Answer the following questions:
- •7. Describe some of the effects of spraying the land with pesticides.
- •8. Read an extract from the newspaper article and answer the questions: harvesting poison in colombia
- •9. What do you think?
- •10. Work in pairs. Read, translate and comment on the following dialogue: soil pollution
- •15. Prepare and present a talk on soil pollution. Additional texts for home reading toxic shocker
- •Noise pollution
- •What does mankind bring to the nature?
- •Keeping our environment clean
- •Recycling
- •Список використаної літератури:
- •Укладач
Ocean life under sentence of death
Professor Jacques Piccard, the Swiss oceanographer, said that the oceans will die unless the world can stop their progressive pollution. “The Baltic will the first to go,” he said, “followed by the Adriatic, then the rest of the Mediterranean.”
Professor Piccard, who during his ocean current research has seen more of sea pollution than any other scientist, said that somewhere between 5 and 10 million tons of oil products were going into the oceans each year.
About 1,800,000 tons of this, including 200,000 tons of lead, came from cars into the atmosphere and then in the oceans.
Tankers gave another million tons and the rest came from oil products sent out into rivers.
5,000 tons of mercury going into the sea each year from paper factories was considered another major danger. A third was insecticides.
The professor, who was speaking on behalf of the secretariat of the United Nations conference on the environment, pointed out that many experts believed life in the seas would be destroyed within the next 25 to 30 years, if man was not prepared to pay the price of stopping pollution.
The most critical regions of those mentioned by Professor Piccard lie in the closed seas because these are the nurseries of world fish. Unfortunately, these areas are most easily polluted.
The Baltic is already nearly useless as a fish source. Pollution of the British coast comes largely from the big rivers carrying a large part of waste from industry and agriculture.
2. Give the main idea of the text.
3. Say which are the major sources of air and sea pollution.
4. Retell the text as if you were a representative of the secretariat of the United Nations.
GRAMMAR STUDY
Інфінітив (The Infinitive)
Інфінітив – це неособова форма дієслова, яка тільки називає дію і відповідає на запитання що робити?, що зробити?: to write писати, to read читати.
В англійській мові інфінітив має одну просту і п’ять складних форм. Інфінітив перехідних дієслів має форми часу й стану, а неперехідних – тільки часу.
Форми інфінитива |
Active |
Passive |
Indefinite |
to write to come |
to be written |
Continuous |
to be writing to be coming |
|
Perfect |
to have written to have come |
to have been written |
Perfect Continuous |
to have been writing to have been coming |
|
Якщо дієслово не вживається в пасивному стані або в формі Continuous, то кількість форм інфінітива відповідно менша.
Ознакою інфінітива в англійській мові є частка to, але в багатьох випадках інфінітив вживається без частки to.
Частка not перед інфінітивом вказує на заперечну форму.
Значення і вживання форм інфінітива
Інфінітив у формі Indefinite вживається:
1) якщо дія, яку він виражає, одночасна з дією, вираженою дієсловом-присудком речення:
I was glad to see them. – Я був дуже радий бачити їх.
It is very interesting to read this story. – Дуже цікаво читати це оповідання.
2) з дієсловами, що виражають намір, надію, бажання і т.ін. Indefinite Infinitive означає дію, майбутню по відношенню до дії, вираженої дієсловом-присудком:
I hope to see you on Sunday. – Я сподіваюсь побачитися з тобою в неділю.
He wanted to talk to you. – Він хотів поговорити з вами.
3) з модальними дієсловами Indefinite Infinitive часто виражає майбутню дію:
They may come tomorrow. – Може, вони приїдуть завтра.
You should see a doctor. – Тобі слід звернутися до лікаря.
Continuous Infinitive виражає тривалу дію, що відбувається одночасно з дією, вираженою дієсловом-присудком:
They seemed to be reading. – Здавалося, що вони читають.
Perfect Infinitive виражає дію, що передує дії, вираженій дієсловом-присудком:
He was pleased to have written this letter. – Він був задоволений, що написав цього листа.
З модальними дієсловами should, ought, could, might у стверджувальній формі, а також після was/were в модальному значенні Perfect Infinitive показує, що дія не відбулася:
She should have stayed at work. – Їй слід було залишитися на роботі (але вона не залишилась).
I was to have done it. – Я мав це зробити (але не зробив).
Таке саме значення має Perfect Infinitive після минулого часу дієслів to expect сподіватися, чекати, to hope надіятися, to intend мати намір та ін.:
I hoped to have found him at home. – Я сподівався застати його вдома (але не застав).
Perfect Continuous Infinitive виражає тривалу дію, що відбувалася пртягом певного часу перед дією, вираженою дієсловом-присудком:
I’m happy to have been studying at this University for 5 years. – Я щасливий, що 5 років вчився в цьому університеті.
Інфінітив вживається в активному стані, якщо іменник або займенник, до якого він відноситься, означає суб’єкт дії, вираженої інфінітивом:
They don’t want to find me. – Вони не хочуть знайти мене.
Інфінітив вживається в пасивному стані, якщо іменник або займенник, до якого він відноситься, означає об’єкт дії, вираженої інфінітивом.
I don’t want to be found. – Я не хочу, щоб мене знайшли.
Інфінітив у реченні найчастіше вживається як:
а) частина складеного дієслівного присудка після модальних дієслів:
She must go there at once. – Вона повинна піти туди одразу ж.
б) додаток до дієслів та прикметників:
Не promised to help us. – Він пообіцяв допомогти нам.
I am glad to see you. – Я радий тебе бачити.
в) обставина мети:
I went to the shop to buy some sugar. – Я пішов у крамницю, щоб купити цукор.