
- •Unit 1 polluting our environment. Text
- •1. Read the text attentively. Try to understand all details. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •Vocabulary and comprehension
- •6. Find Ukrainian equivalents in b to the following English word combinations in a.
- •7. Find in the text and write down the definitions of the following words.
- •Grammar study Неособові форми дієслова (Non-finite forms of the verb)
- •Дієприкметник (The Participle)
- •Форми дієприкметників
- •Функції дієприкметників в реченні
- •Значення та вживання Present Participle (Participle і)
- •Значення та вживання Past Participle
- •Exercises.
- •1. Read, translate and discuss the following text. Cutting evolution down to our size
- •Vocabulary and comprehension
- •2. Translate the following words using a dictionary:
- •3. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following word-combinations:
- •4. Translate the words in the brackets into English:
- •5. What is the thesis statement (the main idea to get across to a reader) of the article?
- •6. Comment on the following:
- •1. Read, translate and comment on the following dialogue:
- •Vocabulary and comprehension
- •Natural indicators of pollution
- •7. Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the text:
- •8. Home Assignment. Prepare a five-minute-long paper based on the material of Unit 1 and your home reading and present it at the conference in your group. Work on the recommendations given below:
- •9. Get familiarized with some clever phrases on the environmental issues.
- •Exercises.
- •Іменникові властивості герундія
- •Вживання герундія
- •Комплекси з герундієм (Complexes with the gerund)
- •Герундій і віддієслівний іменник
- •Переклад герундія українською мовою
- •Exercises.
- •7. Express the same idea by using the Indefinite Gerund Passive:
- •8. Use the Perfect Gerund Active and Passive accordingly with the expressions listed in Ex. 7:
- •9. Translate the following sentences. State the functions of the gerunds and verbal nouns in the sentences.
- •10. State whether the word in bold type is a gerund or a participle and translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
- •11. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
- •12. Replace the clauses by gerundial constructions according to the model:
- •13. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian, paying attention to gerundial constructions:
- •1. Read the following text and carry out assignments given below it. The water cycle
- •Vocabulary and comprehension
- •A vital role of dissolved oxygen
- •2. Make a plan of the text. Discuss the text according to the plan.
- •3. Retell the text in short according to your own plan. Text
- •1. Read the text attentively. Try to understand all details. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •Spills: how we polute the sea
- •How do we control pollution?
- •How does a lake die?
- •Ocean life under sentence of death
- •2. Give the main idea of the text.
- •3. Say which are the major sources of air and sea pollution.
- •4. Retell the text as if you were a representative of the secretariat of the United Nations.
- •Exercises
- •1. Translate the sentences with Infinitives used as
- •2. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the Passive Infinitive:
- •3. State the forms and functions of the Infinitives and translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
- •4. Translate the sentences with Modal verbs with Perfect Infinitives:
- •5. Complete the following sentences:
- •6. State the functions of the Infinitives and translate the following sentences:
- •1. Read, translate and comment on the following dialogue: water and health
- •Words and word combinations to be remembered
- •2. Work in pairs. Read the dialogue several times until you are quite fluent.
- •3. Compose a similar dialogue. Speak on the topic: The main sources of water pollution. Text
- •1. Read the following text and entitle it.
- •2. Discuss the text. Topics for discussion:
- •1. Read the following text for more information on water. How do we check the quality of our water?
- •Words to be remembered
- •Об’єктний інфінітивний комплекс (The Objective Infinitive Complex)
- •Exercises
- •1. Find the Objective Infinitive Complex in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •2. Transform the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Objective Infinitive Complex according to the model:
- •3. Transform the following sentences with the Objective Infinitive Complex into complex sentences according to the model:
- •4. Translate into Ukrainian the following sentences with the Objective Infinitive Complex:
- •1. Read and translate the following text. Water treatment
- •Vocabulary and comprehension
- •2. Restore the dialogue.
- •Суб’єктний інфінітивний комплекс (The Subjective Infinitive Complex)
- •Exercises
- •1. Paraphrase the following sentences replacing the Subjective Infinitive Complex by subordinate clauses:
- •2. Paraphrase the following sentences replacing the subordinate clauses by the Subjective Infinitive Complex.
- •3. Translate into Ukrainian the following sentences with the Subjective Infinitive Complex:
- •Unit 3 air pollution Text
- •1. Read the text attentively. Try to understand all details. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •Carbon pollutants
- •Carbon monoxide
- •Carbon dioxide
- •2. Make sure if you remember the meaning of the following words. Consult a dictionary if necessary:
- •3. Answer the questions:
- •Складнопідрядне речення (The complex sentence)
- •Exercises
- •1. Read, study and remember the following conditional sentences, paying attention to their structure and translation.
- •2. Combine the following pairs of sentences according to the model:
- •3. Change the sentences according to the model:
- •If the experiment were interesting, I should carry it out.
- •4. Change the sentences according to the model:
- •5. Complete the following sentences according to the models:
- •6. Analyse the Adverbial Clauses of Condition. Open the brackets use the correct verb forms.
- •7. Define the types of conditional clauses in the following complex sentences. Translate them into Ukrainian:
- •8. Translate in written form the following texts into Ukrainian, mind the Conditional sentences:
- •1. Look through the following text and find the answers to the given questions:
- •Sulphur dioxide
- •Acid rain
- •What can be done about it?
- •2. Make sure if you remember the meaning of the following words. Consult a dictionary if necessary:
- •3. Answer the questions:
- •Do you think “acid rain” is a good term to use to describe what is causing the damage to lakes and trees? Give reasons for your answers. Unit 4 land pollution Text
- •1. Read text a attentively. Try to understand all details. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •Agricultural pollution
- •6. Read the following text for more information about phosphorus compounds. Dictionaries are allowed.
- •Умовний спосіб дієслова (the Subjunctive Mood)
- •Exercises
- •1. Make up sentences according to the models:
- •2. Open the brackets using the correct verb forms:
- •3. Translate the following sentences. Find the sentences where the Subjunctive Mood is used:
- •4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood and Adverbial Clauses of Condition:
- •5. Translate the following text paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood:
- •1. Read the text attentively. Try to understand all details. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •Is man a pest?
- •2. Find the meanings of the following words in the dictionary and try to remember them:
- •3. Words and expressions for the text comprehension:
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •5. Translate the following text without using a dictionary: why do we spray our farmland?
- •6. Answer the following questions:
- •7. Describe some of the effects of spraying the land with pesticides.
- •8. Read an extract from the newspaper article and answer the questions: harvesting poison in colombia
- •9. What do you think?
- •10. Work in pairs. Read, translate and comment on the following dialogue: soil pollution
- •15. Prepare and present a talk on soil pollution. Additional texts for home reading toxic shocker
- •Noise pollution
- •What does mankind bring to the nature?
- •Keeping our environment clean
- •Recycling
- •Список використаної літератури:
- •Укладач
A vital role of dissolved oxygen
The oxygen that dissolves in water has a vital role to play. Oxygen is not very soluble: water is saturated with oxygen when concentration of dissolved oxygen is only 10 p. p. m. (parts per million). Water-living creatures and plants and all fish depend on this dissolved oxygen. When the level of dissolved oxygen falls below 5 p. p. m., aquatic plants and animals start to suffer.
Water has a natural ability to purify itself when it becomes contaminated. This ability depends on the dissolved oxygen and the bacteria present in water. When organic matter (plant and animal debris) gets into the water, aerobic bacteria (bacteria that need oxygen) use this matter as food. They use dissolved oxygen to oxidize debris to harmless products, such as carbon dioxide and water, with the release of energy.
Oxidation reactions inside bacteria:
Organic pollutants (plant and animal debris) + oxygen (dissolved) = carbon dioxide (harmless products) + water + energy (needed by bacteria)
If water is to remain life-supporting, the oxygen which the bacteria use must be replaced by the dissolving of more oxygen. Sometimes rivers are overburdened with organic debris, for example, when untreated sewage is discharged into them. When this happens the dissolved oxygen is used up more rapidly than it is replaced, and the aerobic bacteria die. Then anaerobic bacteria (bacteria which do not need oxygen) take over. They attack the organic matter to produce unpleasant decay products, such as ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and methane.
For some synthetic materials, e.g. plastics, there are no bacteria able to oxidize them. Such materials are non-biogradable, and they persist for a very long time in water.
2. Make a plan of the text. Discuss the text according to the plan.
3. Retell the text in short according to your own plan. Text
1. Read the text attentively. Try to understand all details. Use a dictionary if necessary.
Spills: how we polute the sea
In the early morning of Saturday 18 March 1967, the Torrey Canyon sailed a dangerous course off the coast of southern Britain. At full speed and in broad daylight, it rammed Pollard Rock. A massive crack appeared in the bottom of the tanker and 95,000 tons of oil leaked into the sea. The action of tide and wind carried oil to the beaches of Britain and France. Twenty-five thousand sea birds died. Large-scale tanker disasters of this type make world news. It is important to remember that many more, smaller accidents take place very often. A United States Coastguard survey showed that, in one year alone, there was at least one leakage or spill by an oil tanker every five days. Most of these accidents take place close to the shore and around ports. Beaches and wildlife suffer.
How do we control pollution?
1. Burning up the oil.
On 25 March 1967, oil slicks reached Cornish beaches. When the government found out that nothing more could be done to salvage the Torrey Canyon and to control the oil slick, they had to take emergency measures. Royal Navy planes bombed the tanker in order to set fire to the oil slick.
2. Detergent sprays.
Detergents can help to break up the oil spill and make it less dangerous to beaches and wildlife. Bouts with detergent sprays can be send out from ports. Royal Navy fire ships with spray apparatus can be used. Helicopters are used to check the size and spread of the oil slick.
3. Protecting wildlife.
Members of environmental groups such as Greenpeace help to collect oil-covered birds from the beaches. Detergents and water are used to clean off the oil. If oil remains on a bird, it prevents flight and the chemicals can kill. The bird dies of poison and starvation.
4. Barrages.
A barrage is a floating barrier which can be placed around an oil slick. This can only be done if seas are calm and the oil slick is not too big. The oil inside the barrage can then be burnt off. Barrages could be built along a bay or stretch of coastline to protect beaches and wildlife. The Army might be called in to help with this exercise.
2. Make sure if you remember the meaning of the following verbs. Consult a dictionary if necessary:
Sail, ram, appear, leak, suffer, reach, salvage, break up, clean off, prevent.
3. Entitle each paragraph of the text, write out the sentence(s) expressing the main idea(s) of each of them and translate these sentences into Ukrainian.
4. Write a summary and an abstract to the text.
5. Make up a dialogue on the problem raised in the text.
Text
1. Read and translate the following text without using a dictionary.