IX. Translate from Russian into English.

1. Когда землетрясение происходит на дне моря, часть морского дна поднимается или опускается.

2. Морские волны, образованные землетрясением, часто называются приливными (tidal) волнами.

3. Большие землетрясения могут смещать породы и изменять земную поверхность.

Test XIV unit XIV geologic structures, mountain range and continents

I. Give Russian equivalents.

Fault; fold; convergent plate boundaries; accretion; to generate an earthquake; a joint; a foot wall; a tilted rock; confining pressure; exerted against an object.

II. Give English equivalents.

Напряжение; горные хребты; взброс; смещение по разлому (сдвиг); ограниченное напряжение; эластичная или пластичная деформация; висячий бок; рудные жилы; осевая плоскость; действовать одинаково во всех направлениях.

III. Match the words from “a” and “b” to make word combinations.

1. a strike-slip; mantle; tectonic; ore; deformation; deformed; to dig;

2. veins; in a plastic manner; plume; shafts and tunnels; fault; forces; produced by stress.

IV. Complete the sentences.

1. . . . . is any feature produced by rock deformation.

2. . . . . is a bend in rock.

3. . . . . is a fracture along which rock on one side has moved relative to rock on the other side.

4. A fold with a plunging axis is called . . . .

5. . . . . is the distance that rocks on opposite sides of a fault have moved.

(a fault; a plunging fold; slip; a bend; a geologic structure)

V. Choose the right word.

1. Rock moves . . . . along many faults and fault zones. (repeating; repeatedly; repeated)

2. . . . . tectonic forces built the mountains of western North America. (compressive; compresses; compression)

3. Plate convergence commonly . . . . compressive stress. (create; creative; creates)

4. You can commonly see . . . . caused by leaks in the walls of a canyon. (seeped; seepage; seep)

5. To understand these concepts, recall from . . . . geometry that two planes intersect in a straight line. (elemental; element; elementary)

VI. Translate the following sentences.

1. Directed stress is known to act most strongly in one direction.

2. Drilling is considered to be the principal exploration method and it is widely used when deposits are of large dimensions.

3. Neighbouring coal beds seemed to be sloping gently.

4. Folding is likely to occur by a combination of plastic deformation and brittle fracture.

VII. Make questions beginning with the words in brackets.

1. In some cases a rock will deform plastically and then fracture. (Will?)

2. Enormous compressive forces can develop at a convergent plate boundary. (Where?)

3. Tectonic forces create three types of geologic structures. (What forces?)

VIII. Read the text.

Each of the three different types of plate boundaries produces different tectonic stresses and therefore different kinds of structures. Extensional stress at a divergent boundary (mid-oceanic ridges and continental rift boundaries) produces normal faults, and sometimes grabens, but little or no folding of rocks.

Where a transform boundary crosses continental crust, shear stress bends and fractures rock. Frictional drag between both sides of the fault may fold, fault, and uplift nearby rocks. Forces of this type have formed the San Gabriel Mountains along the San Andreas fault zone, as well as mountain ranges north of the Himalayas.

Are the following statements true or false?

1. Three types of plate boundaries produce different kinds of structures.

2. Extensional stress at mid-oceanic ridges produces reverse faults.

3. Rocks may be folded, faulted and uplifted because of friction.

4. Frictional forces have formed mountain ranges north of the Himalayas.