V. Choose the right word.

1. Magmatic water is given off by a . . . . magma. (cool; cools; cooling)

2. As temperature continues to rise, foliation becomes very well . . . . (developing; developed; develop)

3. Physical . . . . of rocks is most active in desert regions. (weathered; weather; weathering)

4. The sediment . . . . to form an abyssal fan. (accumulates; accumulation; accumulated)

5. The continental rise joins the . . . . sea floor at a . . . . of about 5 km. (depth; deepen; deep)

VI. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Urals is one of the most promising areas in the development of raw meterail basis.

2. A stable mineral is one that doesn’t decompose or change over long period of geologic time.

3. The zone of accumulation is the one where snow accumulates in winter.

4. When a parent rock contains only one mineral, metamorphism transforms the rock into one with a coarser texture.

5. To identify a mineral one must know its characteristic features and properties.

VII. Choose sentences in which –ing forms is Gerund and translate them into Russian.

1. Coke is formed in the process of heating certain grades of coal in the absence of air.

2. If migrating fluids change the chemical composition of a rock, new mineral invariably form.

3. Fluid basaltic magma often builds a gently sloping mountain called a shield volcano.

4. Rusting is one of oxidation processes that decomposes metals.

5. It is difficult to understand the nature of fossils without studying their origin.

VIII. Make up questions.

1. Metamorphism occurs because each mineral is stable only within a ceratin range of temperature, pressure and chemical environment. (Why?)

2. Metamorphic rocks commonly form in large regions of the Earth’s crust near a subduction zone. (Where?)

3. Metamorphic grade expresses the intensity of metamorphism that affected a rock. (. . . . or . . . .?)

4. Metamorphism transforms limestone into marble. (What processes?)

IX. Read the text.

Chemical reactions occur more rapidly in liquid or gas than in a solid because atoms and molecules are more mobile in a fluid. However, with enough time and elevated temperature, atoms in solid rock also react. Small amounts of fluid, such as the water in the potter’s clay, increase the mobility of atoms and speed the reactions, but the reactions take place in solid materials.

Metamorphism (from the Greek words for “changing form”) is the process by which rising temperature – and changes in other environmental conditions – transforms rocks and minerals. Metamorphism occurs in solid rock – like the transformations in the vase as the potter fires it in her kiln. Metamorphism can change any type of parent rock: sedimentary, igneous, or even another metamorphic rock.

Are the following statements true or false?

1. Chemical reactions occur more rapidly in a solid.

2. Small amounts of fluid speed the reactions, because the mobility of atoms increases.

3. Metamorphism can change only metamorphic rocks.

4. Metamorphism takes place in solid rock.

X. Translate from Russian into English.

1. Новые минералы образуются когда мигрирующие потоки изменяют состав пород.

2. При нагревании вода расширяется и поднимается к поверхности.

3. Когда песчаник раскалывается, между зернами песка образуются трещины.

4. Геологи подробно изучили осадочные бассейны, потому что в них образуются нефть и газ.