8. Перекладіть речення, визначивши в них метафоричні терміни, належність їх до мовних або мовленнєвих метафор та адекватний спосіб їх перекладу:

1. If the primary purpose of a dam is power generation, the dam height is critical, for the power generated increases in direct ratio to the head (height) of water impounded. 2. The St Lawrence system has long been the most important, because it provides a waterway 4.3 m (14 ft) deep from the head of Lake Superior to the Gulf of St Lawrence. 3. The vessel has five thrusters mounted along its hull and can rotate around the turret so that it is always lying head to the wind. 4. The lower section consists of four immense arched legs set on masonry piers. As they extend upwards, the legs curve inwards until they unite in a single tapered tower. 5. High archtype dams in rock canyons usually have downstream faces too steep for an overflow spillway. 6. It is the reciprocal of the resistivity, which is defined as the resistance between opposite faces of a cube of the material. 7. Tunnels through mountains or underwater are usually worked firom the two opposite ends, or faces, of the passage. 8. Dipper, or bucket, dredges have a bucket on the end of a movable arm that scoops up underwater material. 9. When more than one oar was used in steering, the steering oars were attached to each other and were directed by means of a single steering arm. 10. Bridge is a structure providing continuous passage over a body of water, roadway, or valley. 11. One of the great advantages of metals as materials lies in their ability to be formed into the desired shape, such as car body parts. 12. Knots are areas of the trunk in which the base of a branch has become embedded in the body ofthewood. 13. The Aare is about 280 km (175 miles) long and is navigable from the mouth to the town of Thun, Switzerland. 14. Stanley descended the Lualaba-Congo river system in 1876 and 1877 to its mouth, travelling more than 2,575 km (1,600 miles). 15. Situated at the foot of Ben Venue, a mountain 726 m (2,382 ft) high, and west of the wooded valley known as The Trossachs, the loch is noted for its beauty. 16. The problem of West Berlin, surrounded by East German territory, was particularly thorny. 17. The pressure of India moving against Asia caused the crust to bend upwards into the Himalayas, a process that continues today. 18. The eroded roots of the mountains produced by the Acadian orogeny form the northern section of today's Appalachians, extending from New England north to Newfoundland. 19. The American geologist Harry Hammond Hess argued that if the ocean floor were rifted apart in one part of the globe, the expansion that would result there had to be accommodated by subduction in another part. 20. The other, Sabri al-Banna (Abu Nidal), defected to Iraq, where he became the head of a renegade terrorist group operating not only against Israel and its allies internationally, but also against the A1 Fatah leadership itself. 21. Without waiting for acceptance of these demands, the Red Army occupied the countries. Soviet puppet governments were established, and all anti-Soviet elements were suppressed. 22. Jacobinism still flourished among the lower classes. In the higher circles of society, Royalist agitators boldly campaigned for restoration. 23. After his reception at the town Ml, the Archduke changed his plans on the spur of the moment, deciding to visit wounded soldiers in hospital before proceeding to the city museum. 24. Some scholars today in the field of art his troy pass the subject off as the old hat. 25. For each expression, there is a floor of definition below which its value is nil. 26. In | philosophy, we have now entered into the «cognitive turn». 27. To Platonic I' structuralists the Aristotelian distinction is empty, for they recognize even unrealized structures as actual. 28. In this paper I focus on one particular argument J^hich strikes me as instructive both for its clarity and its error. 29. It is clear, then, lhat more adequate mathematical and computer modeling tools are needed. 30.1 grguethat a healthy interest in biological individuality is essential to the explanatory ^ums of evolutionary biology. 31. The question of whether the quantum theory is «complete» has been debated even since it was introduced. 32. Neither Bohr nor Einstein were wedded to maintaining the world view of classical mechanics. 33. Mathematics does not hang in the air, but h as quite definite intuitive founda­tions. 34. Some of these hypotheses are methodologically better behaved than that hypothesis, in the sense that they are not empirically self-defeating. 35. In this paper I shall consider in detail Wittgenstein's argument and why it should strike us as question-begging. One of Darwin's major philosophical achievements was the overthrow of typological thinking. 36. A strictly closed system without any concept of an observer is called an endosystem. 37. These differences can give sufficient ground to argue that the two scales do not measure the same quantity. 38. Bohm's theory is conceptually the lineal descendant of de Broglie's causal quantum theory program. 39. Einstein embraced the latter principle, claiming that quantum mechanics was incomplete. 40. The latter definition misses the mark and I tighten it up accordingly. 41. This is a n «enriched» system of Natural Deduction. 42. All the other forms of inference can be «justified» by reference to the introduction rules. 43. The history of physics is punctuated by revolutions -which mark the discovery by humans that what they had taken as central features of the world around them were in fact projections of their own conditions. 44. Consider the cost of such reformulations: these contradictions can be eliminated but at a cost almost as damaging as the contradictions themselves. 45. Now, if we sin against one (or more) of these rules, our approach will be (in one way or another) faulty. 46. Rarely do theories stand or fall on the outcome of a single test. 47. Yet no one could have appreciated the significance of the discovery without the legacy of knowledge that many other scientists had been building throughout the century. 48. The reigning theory of the nuclear physics of stars had been developed in 1938 by German-born physicist Hans Bethe of Cornell University. 49. Did the Universe really begin at the Big Bang or was there a previous contraction phase - a «big crunch» - that led to the high temperature and density? 51. Research that supports theses and other conclusions has deep historical roots in studies of the physics of music and sound. 52. The Advanced Technology Program is spending its resources aggressively: in late April it awarded 27 grants for innovative technology projects. 53. According to the report on US-Japan linkages in biotechnology, 90 percent of technology transfer flows from US to Japan. 54. The device uses a «silicon retina», sensory circuitry that is fashioned to operate like the cone receptor cells of the retina. 55. The first problem is to transfer the information from the ma chine minds. 56. The Patent Office is threatened with today's flood of scientific and technical information. 57. This research laboratory has been an incubator of invention. 58. The unburned portion of the gas is cracked by the combustion heat, and acetylene is formed. 59. The space race and the cold war both created incentives for the United States and the USSR to promote their aerospace industries, and in the 1980s they led the world in overall accomplishment, although Japan and several European nations possessed equal technological skills in many areas. 60. Agricultural technology is another field requiring the financial inputs that only large firms can afford.